II. Definitions
- Amino Acids
- Twenty common Amino Acids occur in humans, in which 9 are essential (must be ingested)
- Peptides
- Short chains of Amino Acids (two or more)
- Proteins (polypeptides)
- Long chains of peptides (which in turn are chains of Amino Acids)
III. Physiology: Structure
- Primary Protein Structure
- Specific Amino Acid sequence defining a Protein
- Secondary Protein Structure
- Regular local structure of the Protein
- Common secondary structures include alpha-helix (right-handed spiral) and beta strand (straight segment)
- Tertiary Protein Structure
- Overall spatial arrangement of a Protein (globular, membane, fibrous)
- Globular Proteins (spherical) include Hemoglobin, albumin and most enzymes
- Fibrous Proteins with straight chains include structural Proteins (e.g. Collagen, elastin, Fibrinogen)
- Quaternary Protein Structure
- Assembly of multiple Proteins combined (e.g. interwoven Collagen fibers)
IV. Physiology: Function
- Functioning Protein (Holoprotein) is composed of two components
- Apoprotein
- Active Protein without Cofactors (e.g. globin in Hemoglobin)
- Apoenzyme refers to the Apoproteins of enzymes
- Apolipoprotein refers to Apoproteins of Lipoproteins (e.g. HDL, LDL)
- Prosthetic Group
- Non-Protein Cofactor (e.g. heme in Hemoglobin)
- Coenzymes refers to the prosthetic groups of enzymes
- Apoprotein
- Zymogen
- Inactive precursor to an active enzyme
- Activated by a metabolic pathway that modifies the Zymogen (e.g. cleavage, phosphorylation)
- Examples
- Gastrointestinal Metabolism (e.g. Trypsinogen to trypsin, Pepsinogen to Pepsin)
- Clotting Pathway (e.g. Prothrombin to Thrombin, Fibrinogen to Fibrin)
V. Physiology: Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids
- Essential Amino Acids are generated by complex biosynthetic pathways not available in humans
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
- Lysine
- Methionine
- Phenylalanine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
- Conditional Essential Amino Acids are deficient in early childhood and at times of physical stress
- Arginine
- Cysteine
- Glutamine
- Tyrosine
- Glycine
- Ornithine
- Proline
- Serine
- Nonessential Amino Acids
- Includes the 8 conditional essential acids (except at times of physical stress)
- Alanine
- Aspartate
- Glutamate
VI. Physiology: Amino Acid Polarity by R-Group
-
- Non-polar side chains (hydrophobic)
- Glycine
- Alanine
- Valine
- Leucine
- Isoleucine
- Cysteine
- Methionine
- Proline
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan
- Polar uncharged side chains
- Serine
- Threonine
- Asparagine
- Glutamine
- Tyrosine
- Positively charged side chains
- Lysine
- Arginine
- Histidine
- Negatively charged side chains
- Aspartic Acid
- Glutamic Acid
VII. Physiology: Amino Acid Structures by R-Group
- Background
- Amino Acids vary by their R group
- Amino Acids share 3 common bindings to a core carbon
- Amino group or NH3 (in Proteins, binds to the COOH on the prior Amino Acid on the left)
- Hydrogen
- COOH (in Proteins, binds to the NH3 on the next Amino Acid on the right)
- Aliphatic R Group (open carbon chains)
- Glycine
- Alanine
- Valine
- Leucine
- Isoleucine
- Aromatic R Group (benzene ring)
- Tyrosine (also contains a hydroxyl group)
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan
- Hydroxyl Containing R Group
- Serine
- Threonine
- Sulfur Containing R Group
- Cysteine
- Methionine
- Carbonyl Containing R Group (C=O)
- Aspartate
- Asparagine
- Glutamate
- Glutamine
- Alkaline R Group
- Arginine
- Lysine
- Histidine
- Imino Acid
- Proline
VIII. Physiology: Protein Metabolism
-
- See Protein Metabolism
- Non-Essential Amino Acid Synthesis (via Kreb Cycle or from other Amino Acids)
- Aspartate is synthesized from oxaloacetate
- Asparagine is synthesized from Aspartate
- Glutamate is synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate
- Glutamine and Proline are synthesized from Glutamate
- Glycine and Cysteine are synthesized from Serine
- Tyrosine is synthesized from Phenylalanine
- Aspartate is synthesized from oxaloacetate
- Synthesis of other molecules from Amino Acids
- Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
- Ribose 5-P backbone is synthesized from Glucose-6P or Glyceraldehyde
- Purines (ATP and GTP) are synthesized from Aspartate, Glutamine and Glycine
- Pyrimidines (TTP, CTP and UTP) are synthesized from Aspartate and Glutamine
- Sphingolipids (e.g. Sphingomyelin, Cerebroside, Ganglioside)
- Serine acts as a backbone for Fatty Acid attachment (similar to Glycerol in Triglycerides)
- Hormonal synthesis
- Histidine is converted to Histamine
- Tyrosine is converted to Thyroxine,Triiodothyronine, Melanin, Norepinephrine, Dopamine and Epinephrine
- Tryptophan is converted to Serotonin and Melatonin
- Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
- Catabolism: Protein as Fuel
- Protein yields 4 kcals/g with catabolism
- Protein is the last to be catabolized in starvation (after Carbohydrate and fat)
- Proteins are broken down to Amino Acids and some small peptides before absorption
- See Gastrointestinal Metabolism
- Mediated by Stomach acid, pepsin, trypsin and peptidases
- Amino Acids are broken down into ammonia (NH3) and a carbon skeleton
- Ammonia is excreted as urea (via urea cycle)
- 2-Ketoglutarate mediated transamination removes NH3, and forms Glutamate
- Glutamate mediated oxidative deamination releases NH3 and forms 2-Ketoglutarate
- Glutamate (and asparate) donate NH3 for various synthesis (e.g. Purines, Pyrimidines)
- Ammonia enters urea cycle as carbamoyl phosphate and is ultimately excreted as urea
- Urea cycle primarily occurs in the liver
- Carbon skeleton is further processed
- Kreb Cycle (glucogenic Amino Acids)
- Acetyl CoA and Acetoacetate (ketogenic Amino Acids)
- Ammonia is excreted as urea (via urea cycle)
- Most Amino Acids are glucogenic (may generate Glucose via Gluconeogenesis)
- Exceptions: Two Amino Acids are only ketogenic (metabolized to acetyl CoA and Acetoacetate)
- Lysine
- Leucine
- Some Amino Acids are both glucogenic and ketogenic
- Isoleucine
- Tyrosine
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan
- Threonine
- Exceptions: Two Amino Acids are only ketogenic (metabolized to acetyl CoA and Acetoacetate)
- Amino Acids enter the Kreb Cycle at various points (for energy generation)
- Pyruvate
- Glycine
- Alanine
- Tryptophan
- Serine
- Threonine
- Cysteine
- Acetyl CoA (Ketogenic Amino Acids)
- Lysine
- Leucine
- Isoleucine
- Tyrosine
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan
- Threonine
- Alpha Ketoglutarate (2-Ketoglutarate)
- Proline
- Glutamate
- Glutamine
- Arginine
- Histidine
- Succinate
- Valine
- Isoleucine
- Threonine
- Methionine
- Fumarate
- Tyrosine
- Phenylalanine
- Aspartate
- Oxaloacetate
- Aspartate
- Asparagine
- Pyruvate
IX. Physiology: Protein Function
- Transport and storage Proteins
- Hemoglobin And Myoglobin (oxygen transport)
- Transferrin and Ferritin (iron transport and storage respectively)
- Thyroglobulin (Thyroxine)
- Albumin (binds many molecules in plasma)
- Structural Proteins
- Collagen (cartilage, bone, connective tissue)
- Elastin (connective tissue elasticity)
- Keratin (nails, hair)
- Motion
- Myosin and actin (Muscle)
- Tubulin (cilia, flagellae)
- Hormones
- Enzymes
- Nearly all cellular metabolic processes are catalyzed by enzymes
- Miscellaneous
- Transcription factors (regulate gene expression)
- Antibody
- Clotting Factors
- Growth Factors
X. References
- Goldberg (2001) Clinical Biochemistry, Medmaster, Miami, p. 24-9
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| Definition (NCI) | A small non-essential amino acid in humans, Alanine is one of the most widely used for protein construction and is involved in the metabolism of tryptophan and vitamin pyridoxine. Alanine is an important source of energy for muscles and central nervous system, strengthens the immune system, helps in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids, and displays a cholesterol-reducing effect in animals. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH3. |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
| Definition (CSP) | non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma; it is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D000409 |
| SnomedCT | 58753009, 312170002 |
| LNC | LP15331-9, LP70161-2, MTHU003211 |
| English | Alanine, L-Alanine, alanine (medication), ALANINE, Alanine [Chemical/Ingredient], l alanine, ala, l-alanine, alanine, (L)-Alanine, Alanine, L Isomer, Alanine, L-Isomer, L-Isomer Alanine, L-Alanine (substance), Ala, (S)-2-Aminopropanoic acid, Alanine (substance), 2-Aminopropionic acid, alpha-Aminopropionic acid, L Alanine, Alanines |
| Swedish | Alanin |
| Czech | alanin |
| Spanish | L-alanina, L-alanina (sustancia), alanina (sustancia), alanina, ácido 2 - aminopropiónico, ácido alfa - aminopropiónico, Alanina |
| Finnish | Alaniini |
| Italian | Alanina L, Isomero L-alanina, Alanina |
| Russian | ALANIN, АЛАНИН |
| French | L-Alanine, Alanine |
| Croatian | ALANIN |
| Polish | Alanina |
| Japanese | アラニン, 2-アミノプロピオン酸, アルファアミノプロピオン酸 |
| German | Alanin |
| Portuguese | Alanina |
Ontology: Amino Acids (C0002520)
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | One of several molecules that join together to form proteins. There are 20 common amino acids found in proteins. |
| Definition (NCI) | Any organic compounds containing amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups. In biochemistry, used to refer to the twenty-plus L-alpha-amino acids found in proteins. |
| Definition (MSH) | Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. |
| Definition (CSP) | organic acid containing one or more amino groups, especially any of a group that make up proteins and are important to living cells; those that are nonessential can be synthesized by the body while essential acids must be obtained through the diet; there are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D000596 |
| SnomedCT | 99825001, 52518006 |
| CPT | 1011269 |
| LNC | LP18033-8, MTHU003140 |
| English | Acids, Amino, aminoacid, aa, Amino Acids, amino acid preparations (medication), amino acid preparations, Amino Acids [Chemical/Ingredient], amino acid, aminoacids, AMINO ACIDS, amino acids, AMINO ACID PREPARATION (product), AMINO ACID PREPARATION, Amino acids, Amino acid, AA - Amino acid, Amino acid (substance), Amino acid, NOS, AMINO ACID PREPARATION (substance), Amino Acid |
| Swedish | Aminosyror |
| Czech | pyridinolin, aminokyseliny |
| Finnish | Aminohapot |
| Russian | AMINOKISLOTY, АМИНОКИСЛОТЫ |
| French | Aminoacides, Acides aminés, Amino-acides |
| Croatian | AMINOKISELINE |
| Polish | Aminokwasy |
| Spanish | AMINO ACID PREPARATION, AMINO ACID PREPARATION (producto), Ácidos Aminados, Ácidos Amino, AMINO ACID PREPARATION (sustancia), aminoácido (sustancia), aminoácido, Aminoácidos |
| Norwegian | Aminosyrer |
| German | Aminosäuren |
| Italian | Aminoacidi |
| Portuguese | Aminoácidos |
Ontology: Amino Acids, Essential (C0002525)
| Definition (NCI) | Refer to those amino acids that can not be synthesized in the body and can only be obtained through food supply. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid which is not efficiently synthesized by humans and must be included in the diet. |
| Definition (MSH) | Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs. |
| Definition (CSP) | nine alpha amino acids required for protein synthesis that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions; must be obtained from the diet. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D000601 |
| SnomedCT | 112000000 |
| English | Acids, Essential Amino, Amino Acids, Essential, Essential Amino Acids, essential aminoacid, Amino Acids, Essential [Chemical/Ingredient], essential amino acids, amino acids essential, essential amino acid, acids amino essential, aminoacids essential, Indispensable amino acid, Essential amino acid (substance), Essential amino acid, Essential amino acid, NOS, Essential Amino Acid, AMINO ACIDS,ESSENTIAL |
| Swedish | Aminosyror, essentiella |
| Czech | aminokyseliny esenciální |
| Finnish | Välttämättömät aminohapot |
| Russian | AMINOKISLOTY NEZAMENIMYE, NEZAMENIMYE AMINOKISLOTY, АМИНОКИСЛОТЫ НЕЗАМЕНИМЫЕ, НЕЗАМЕНИМЫЕ АМИНОКИСЛОТЫ |
| Japanese | アミノ酸-必須, 不可欠アミノ酸, 必要アミノ酸, 必須アミノ酸 |
| French | Amino-acides indispensables, Acides aminés essentiels, Acides aminés indispensables, Aminoacides indispensables, Amino-acides essentiels, Aminoacides essentiels |
| Croatian | AMINOKISELINE, ESENCIJALNE |
| Polish | Aminokwasy podstawowe, Aminokwasy egzogenne |
| Spanish | aminoácido esencial (sustancia), aminoácido esencial, Aminoácidos Esenciales |
| German | Aminosäuren, essentielle, Essentielle Aminosäuren |
| Italian | Aminoacidi essenziali |
| Portuguese | Aminoácidos Essenciais |
Ontology: Apoenzymes (C0003589)
| Definition (CSP) | protein components of the enzyme minus any cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for the enzyme to be catalytically functional. |
| Definition (MSH) | The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D001051 |
| English | Apoenzymes, apoenzyme, Apoenzyme, Apoenzymes [Chemical/Ingredient] |
| Swedish | Apoenzymer |
| Czech | apoenzymy |
| Finnish | Apoentsyymit |
| Russian | APOFERMENTY, АПОФЕРМЕНТЫ |
| Japanese | アポ酵素 |
| French | Apoenzyme, Apoenzymes |
| Polish | Apoenzymy |
| Norwegian | Apoenzym, Apoenzymer |
| German | Apoenzyme, Enzyme, Apo- |
| Italian | Apoenzimi |
| Portuguese | Apoenzimas |
| Spanish | Apoenzimas |
Ontology: Apoproteins (C0003601)
| Definition (MSH) | The protein components of a number of complexes, such as enzymes (APOENZYMES), ferritin (APOFERRITINS), or lipoproteins (APOLIPOPROTEINS). |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) |
| MSH | D001059 |
| SnomedCT | 259599001 |
| English | Apoproteins, Apoprotein, Apoproteins [Chemical/Ingredient], apoproteins, apoprotein |
| Swedish | Apoproteiner |
| Czech | apoproteiny |
| Finnish | Apoproteiinit |
| Italian | Apoproteina, Apoproteine |
| Russian | APOPROTEINY, АПОПРОТЕИНЫ |
| French | Apoprotéine, Apoprotéines |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Apoproteins] |
| Polish | Apoproteidy, Apoproteiny |
| Japanese | アポ蛋白, アポ蛋白質, アポタンパク質 |
| Norwegian | Not Translated[Apoproteins] |
| German | Apoproteine, Proteine, Apo- |
| Portuguese | Apoproteínas |
| Spanish | Apoproteínas |
Ontology: Arginine (C0003765)
| Definition (NCI) | An essential amino acid in juvenile humans, Arginine is a complex amino acid, often found at active site in proteins and enzymes due to its amine-containing side chain. Arginine may prevent or treat heart and circulatory diseases, combat fatigue, and stimulate the immune system. It also boosts production of nitric oxide, relaxing blood vessels, and treating angina and other cardiovascular problems. Arginine is also an important intermediate in the urea cycle and in detoxification of nitrogenous wastes. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | One of the twenty common amino acids (building blocks of proteins). Arginine is being studied as a nutritional supplement in the treatment and prevention of cancer and other conditions. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2CH2CH2NH-C(NH)NH2. |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential amino acid physiologically active in the L-form. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D001120 |
| SnomedCT | 52625008, 312171003 |
| LNC | LP32575-0, LP70357-6, LP15416-8, MTHU004112 |
| English | Arginine, L-Arginine, arginine (medication), ARGININE, Arginine [Chemical/Ingredient], l-arginine, l arginine, arginine, Arginine, L Isomer, Arginine, L-Isomer, L-Isomer Arginine, L Arginine, L-Arginine (substance), Amino-5-guanidino-pentanoic acid, Arg, L-arginine, Arginine (substance) |
| Swedish | Arginin |
| Czech | arginin |
| Spanish | L-arginina, L-arginina (sustancia), arginina (sustancia), arginina, Arginina |
| Finnish | Arginiini |
| Italian | Isomero-L dell'arginina, L-arginina, Arginina |
| Russian | ARGININ, АРГИНИН |
| Japanese | アルギニン, 5-グアニジノ-2-アミノ吉草酸 |
| French | L-Arginine, Isomère L de l'arginine, Arginine |
| Croatian | ARGININ |
| Polish | Arginina |
| German | Arginin |
| Portuguese | Arginina |
Ontology: Asparagine (C0003995)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2CONH2. |
| Definition (NCI) | A non-essential amino acid in humans, Asparagine is a beta-amido derivative of aspartic acid and plays an important role in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins and other proteins. A metabolic precursor to aspartate, Asparagine is a nontoxic carrier of residual ammonia to be eliminated from the body. Asparagine acts as diuretic. (NCI04) |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) |
| Definition (CSP) | non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue; biosynthesized from aspartic acid and ammonia by asparagine synthetase. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D001216 |
| SnomedCT | 34744002, 259099005, 87136001 |
| LNC | LP15424-2, MTHU004113 |
| English | Asparagine, L-Asparagine, Asparagine [Chemical/Ingredient], asn, l-asparagine, asparagine, ASPARAGINE, 2-Amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid, Asn, Alpha-aminosuccinic acid, Asn - Asparagine, Asparagine (substance) |
| Swedish | Asparagin |
| Czech | asparagin |
| Finnish | Asparagiini |
| Italian | L-asparagina, Asparagina |
| Russian | ASPARAGIN, АСПАРАГИН |
| Japanese | アスパラギン, 2-アミノスクシンアミド酸 |
| French | L-Asparagine, Asparagine |
| Croatian | ASPARAGIN |
| Spanish | asparagina, asparragina, asparragina (sustancia), asparagina (sustancia), ácido alfaaminosuccínico, Asparagina |
| Polish | Asparagina |
| German | Asparagin |
| Portuguese | Asparagina |
Ontology: Aspartic Acid (C0004015)
| Definition (NCI) | A non-essential amino acid in humans, Aspartic Acid has an overall negative charge and plays an important role in the synthesis of other amino acids and in the citric acid and urea cycles. Asparagine, arginine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, and some nucleotides are synthesized from aspartic acid. Aspartic acid also serves as a neurotransmitter. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2COO-. |
| Definition (MSH) | One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D001224 |
| SnomedCT | 44970006, 312193008 |
| Swedish | Asparaginsyra |
| English | L-Aspartic acid, aspartic acid (medication), Aspartic Acid, L Aspartic Acid, L-Aspartic Acid, ASPARTIC ACID, Aspartic Acid [Chemical/Ingredient], acids aspartic, l-aspartic acid, l aspartic acid, acid aspartic, L-aspartic acid, aspartic acid, L-Aspartic acid (substance), Asp, (S)-Aminobutanedioic acid, Aspartic acid, Aspartic acid (substance) |
| Czech | kyselina aspartová, kyselina aminojantarová, kyselina asparagová |
| Finnish | Asparagiinihappo |
| Russian | ASPARAGINOVAIA KISLOTA, АСПАРАГИНОВАЯ КИСЛОТА |
| Japanese | 2-アミノコハク酸, アミノこはく酸, アスパラギン酸 |
| Spanish | aspartato, ácido L-aspártico, ácido L-aspártico (sustancia), ácido aspártico (sustancia), ácido aspártico, Ácido Aspártico |
| Polish | Kwas asparaginowy, Kwas aminobursztynowy |
| French | Acide aspartique |
| German | Asparaginsäure |
| Italian | Acido aspartico |
| Portuguese | Ácido Aspártico |
Ontology: Cysteine (C0010654)
| Definition (NCI) | A non-essential sulfur-containing amino acid in humans, related to cystine, Cysteine is important for protein synthesis, detoxification, and diverse metabolic functions. Found in beta-keratin, the main protein in nails, skin, and hair, Cysteine is important in collagen production, as well as skin elasticity and texture. Also required in the manufacture of amino acid taurine, Cysteine is a component of the antioxidant glutathione, and plays a role in the metabolism of essential biochemicals such as coenzyme A, heparin, and biotin. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2SH. |
| Definition (MSH) | A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE. |
| Definition (CSP) | primary aminoacid with the side group -CH2SH, capable of forming disulfide bonds (cystine) with other cysteine residues to stabilize protein tertiary and oligomeric structure. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D003545 |
| SnomedCT | 5932006, 312173000, 386942009, 108949008 |
| LNC | LP15521-5, MTHU009241 |
| English | Cysteine, Half-Cystine, cysteine, L-Cysteine, L Cysteine, Half Cystine, Cysteine [Chemical/Ingredient], CYSTEINE, cys, cysteine l, cysteines, l cysteine, l-cysteine, L-CYSTEINE, Cysteine preparation (substance), L-Cysteine (substance), (R)-2-Amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid, Cys, Cysteine (substance), Cysteine preparation (product), Cysteine preparation |
| Swedish | Cystein |
| Czech | cystein |
| Spanish | L - cisteína, preparado con cisteína (producto), cisteína (producto), preparado con cisteína, preparado de cisteína, L-cisteína, L-cisteína (sustancia), preparado de cisteína (sustancia), cisteína (sustancia), cisteína, preparado de cisteína (producto), Cisteína |
| Finnish | Kysteiini |
| Russian | TSISTEIN, ЦИСТЕИН |
| French | L-Cystéine, 3-Mercaptoalanine, Acide 2-amino-3-mercapto-propionique, 3-Mercapto-alanine, Acide 2-amino-3-mercaptopropionique, Acide 2-amino-3-sulfanyl-propionique, Acide 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropionique, Cystéine |
| Italian | L-cisteina, Cisteina |
| Polish | Cysteina |
| Japanese | システイン, 2-アミノ-3-メルカプトプロピオン酸, チオセリン |
| Norwegian | Not Translated[Cysteine] |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Cysteine] |
| German | Cystein, Zystein |
| Portuguese | Cisteína |
Ontology: Glutamine (C0017797)
| Definition (CHV) | a non essential amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | a non essential amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | a non essential amino acid |
| Definition (NCI) | A nonessential amino acid. Glutamine can donate the ammonia on its side chain to the formation of urea (for eventual excretion by the kidneys) and to purines (necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids). Glutamic acid-to-glutamine conversion, in which an ammonia group is added to glutamic acid (catalyzed by glutamine synthase), is of central importance in the regulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the body. This agent is a substrate for the production of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) and is also an important source of energy for the nervous system. Glutamine may become a conditionally essential amino acid during certain catabolic states. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2CH2CONH2. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | An amino acid used in nutrition therapy. It is also being studied for the treatment of diarrhea caused by radiation therapy to the pelvis. |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. |
| Definition (CSP) | non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and involved in many metabolic processes; synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia; the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and an important energy source for many cells. |
| Definition (PDQ) | A nonessential amino acid. Glutamine can donate the ammonia on its side chain to the formation of urea (for eventual excretion by the kidneys) and to purines (necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids). Glutamic acid-to-glutamine conversion, in which an ammonia group is added to glutamic acid (catalyzed by glutamine synthase), is of central importance in the regulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the body. This agent is a substrate for the production of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (glutamate and GABA) and is also an important source of energy for the nervous system. Glutamine may become a conditionally essential amino acid during certain catabolic states. Check for "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=42298&idtype=1" active clinical trials or "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=42298&idtype=1&closed=1" closed clinical trials using this agent. ("http://nciterms.nci.nih.gov:80/NCIBrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C522" NCI Thesaurus) |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D005973 |
| SnomedCT | 25761002, 412421007, 412422000, 312176008 |
| LNC | LP15609-8, MTHU003090 |
| English | Glutamine, L-Glutamine, L Glutamine, Levoglutamide, Q. Levoglutamide, glutamine (medication), L-GLUTAMINE, Glutamine [Chemical/Ingredient], l-glutamine, l glutamine, glutamine, GLUTAMINE, L-Glutamine (product), L-Glutamine (substance), GLUTAMINE,L-, Gln, (S)-2-Aminopentane-dioic acid 5-amide, Gln - Glutamine, Glutamine (substance), 2-aminoglutaramic acid, L-glutamine, glutamic acid 5-amide, levoglutamide, Glutamine (product) |
| Spanish | levoglutamida, L-glutamina, levoglutamina, L-glutamina (sustancia), L-glutamina (producto), glutamina (sustancia), glutamina, glutamina (producto), Glutamina |
| Swedish | Glutamin |
| Czech | glutamin |
| Finnish | Glutamiini |
| Russian | GLUTAMIN, ГЛУТАМИН |
| French | L-Glutamine, Glutamine |
| Italian | L-glutamina, Glutamina |
| Croatian | GLUTAMIN |
| Polish | Glutamina |
| Japanese | レボグルタミド, グルタミド, グルミン, 2-アミノグルタルアミド酸, グルタミン |
| German | Glutamin |
| Portuguese | Glutamina |
Ontology: Glycine (C0017890)
| Definition (NCI) | A non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid. Glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential. In contrast, this agent also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -H. |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| Definition (CSP) | non-essential amino acid; found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient; it is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| Definition (PDQ) | A non-essential, non-polar, non-optical, glucogenic amino acid. Glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, triggers chloride ion influx via ionotropic receptors, thereby creating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential. In contrast, this agent also acts as a co-agonist, along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Glycine is an important component and precursor for many macromolecules in the cells. Check for "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=41347&idtype=1" active clinical trials or "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=41347&idtype=1&closed=1" closed clinical trials using this agent. ("http://nciterms.nci.nih.gov:80/NCIBrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C524" NCI Thesaurus) |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D005998 |
| SnomedCT | 346464005, 15331006 |
| LNC | LP15620-5, MTHU003091 |
| English | Acid, Aminoacetic, Aminoacetic Acid, Glycine, glycine (medication), aminoacetic acid (Corilin), aminoacetic acid (medication), aminoacetic acid, glycine as antacid (medication), glycine as antacid, GLYCINE, Glycine [Chemical/Ingredient], gly, glycine, Gly, Aminoethanoic acid, Glycine product, Glycine (substance), Glycine - amino acid, Glycine product (product), Glycine product (substance), 2-aminoacetic acid |
| Swedish | Glycin |
| Czech | diazoacetylglycinamid, glycin |
| Finnish | Glysiini |
| Italian | Acido aminoacetico, Glicina |
| Russian | DIAZOATSETILGLITSINAMID, GLIKOKOL, GLITSIN, AMINOUKSUSNAIA KISLOTA, АМИНОУКСУСНАЯ КИСЛОТА, ГЛИКОКОЛ, ГЛИЦИН, ДИАЗОАЦЕТИЛГЛИЦИНАМИД |
| Japanese | アミノ酢酸, グリココール, グリシン, グルココル |
| Spanish | glicina, producto (producto), glicina (producto), glicina, producto, glicina (sustancia), glicina, Glicina, Ácido Aminoacético |
| French | Glycocolle, Glycine, Acide aminoacétique |
| Croatian | GLICIN |
| Polish | Glicyna, Kwas aminooctowy |
| German | Glycin, Aminoessigsäure |
| Portuguese | Ácido Aminoacético, Glicina |
Ontology: Histidine (C0019602)
| Definition (CHV) | An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE |
| Definition (CHV) | An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE |
| Definition (CHV) | An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2-C3H3N2. |
| Definition (NCI) | A semi-essential amino acid (children should obtain it from food) needed in humans for growth and tissue repair, Histidine is important for maintenance of myelin sheaths that protect nerve cells and is metabolized to the neurotransmitter histamine. Histamines play many roles in immunity, gastric secretion, and sexual functions. Histidine is also required for blood cell manufacture and protects tissues against damage caused by radiation and heavy metals. (NCI04) |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential amino acid that contains the imidazole ring system. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D006639 |
| SnomedCT | 60260004, 312177004 |
| LNC | LP15637-9, MTHU003092, LA12498-4 |
| English | L-Histidine, l-Histidine, Histidine, histidine (medication), L-HISTIDINE 100 %, HISTIDINE, Histidine [Chemical/Ingredient], l histidine, l-histidine, histidine, Histidine, L isomer, Histidine, L-isomer, L-isomer Histidine, L-Histidine (substance), (S)-2-Amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, His, HIS, Histidine (substance) |
| Swedish | Histidin |
| Czech | histidin |
| Spanish | L-histidina, L-histidina (sustancia), histidina (sustancia), histidina, Histidina |
| Finnish | Histidiini |
| Russian | GISTIDIN, ГИСТИДИН |
| French | L-Histidine, Isomère L de l'histidine, Histidine |
| Polish | Histydyna |
| German | Histidin |
| Italian | Istidina |
| Portuguese | Histidina |
Ontology: Isoleucine (C0022192)
| Definition (NCI) | One of nine essential amino acids in humans (present in dietary proteins), Isoleucine has diverse physiological functions, such as assisting wound healing, detoxification of nitrogenous wastes, stimulating immune function, and promoting secretion of several hormones. Necessary for hemoglobin formation and regulating blood sugar and energy levels, isoleucine is concentrated in muscle tissues in humans. Isoleucine is found especially in meats, fish, cheese, eggs, and most seeds and nuts. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH(CH3)CH2CH3. |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins; an isomer of leucine; important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D007532 |
| SnomedCT | 14971004, 312181004, 412427006, 412426002 |
| LNC | LP15682-5, MTHU003095 |
| English | L-Isoleucine, isoleucine (medication), ISOLEUCINE, Isoleucine [Chemical/Ingredient], iles, ile, Isoleucine, L Isomer, Isoleucine, L-Isomer, L-Isomer Isoleucine, isoleucine, L-isoleucine, L-isoleucine (product), L-Isoleucine (substance), Isoleucine, Ile, (2S,3S)-2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, Ile - Isoleucine, Isoleucine (substance), Isoleucine (product) |
| Swedish | Isoleucin |
| Czech | isoleucin |
| Spanish | L-isoleucina, L-isoleucina (sustancia), L-isoleucina (producto), isoleucina (sustancia), isoleucina, isoleucina (producto), Isoleucina |
| Finnish | Isoleusiini |
| Russian | IZOLEITSIN, ИЗОЛЕЙЦИН |
| Japanese | イソロイシン |
| French | L-Isoleucine, Isoleucine |
| Polish | Izoleucyna |
| German | Isoleucin |
| Italian | Isoleucina |
| Portuguese | Isoleucina |
Ontology: Leucine (C0023401)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2CH(CH3)2. |
| Definition (NCI) | One of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04) |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D007930 |
| SnomedCT | 83797003, 312182006, 412425003, 412424004 |
| LNC | LP15699-9, MTHU003096 |
| English | L-Leucine, Leucine, leucine (medication), LEUCINE, Leucine [Chemical/Ingredient], l-leucine, leucine (Leu), leu, leucine, L-Isomer Leucine, Leucine, L Isomer, Leucine, L-Isomer, L-Leucine (substance), Leu, (S)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, Leucine (substance), L-Leucine (product), Leucine (product) |
| Swedish | Leucin |
| Czech | leucin |
| Finnish | Leusiini |
| Russian | LEITSIN, ЛЕЙЦИН |
| French | Isomère L de la leucine, L-Leucine, Leucine |
| Croatian | LEUCIN |
| Polish | Leucyna |
| Japanese | アルファアミノイソカプロン酸, ロイシン |
| Spanish | L-leucina (sustancia), leucina (sustancia), leucina, L-leucina, L-leucina (producto), leucina (producto), Leucina |
| German | Leucin |
| Italian | Leucina |
| Portuguese | Leucina |
Ontology: Lysine (C0024337)
| Definition (CHV) | an essential amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | an essential amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | an essential amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | an essential amino acid |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -(CH2)4NH3+. |
| Definition (NCI) | One of nine essential amino acids in humans required for growth and tissue repair, Lysine is supplied by many foods, especially red meats, fish, and dairy products. Lysine seems to be active against herpes simplex viruses and present in many forms of diet supplements. The mechanism underlying this effect is based on the viral need for amino acid arginine; lysine competes with arginine for absorption and entry into cells. Lysine inhibits HSV growth by knocking out arginine. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI) | A nutritional supplement containing the biologically active L-isomer of the essential amino acid lysine, with potential anti-mucositis activity. Upon oral intake, L-lysine promotes healthy tissue function, growth and healing and improves the immune system. L-Lysine promotes calcium uptake, is essential for carnitine production and collagen formation. As collagen is essential for connective tissue maintenance, this agent may also help heal mucosal wounds. This may help decrease and prevent mucositis induced by radiation or chemotherapy. |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential aminoacid necessary for optimal growth in infants and for maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium in adult humans. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D008239 |
| SnomedCT | 75799006, 312183001, 108955003, 418834008 |
| LNC | LP15716-1, MTHU004103 |
| English | L-Lysine, lysine (medication), Lysine, L Lysine, LYSINE, Lysine [Chemical/Ingredient], l lysine, l-lysine, lys, L-alpha,epsilon-Diaminocaproic Acid, lysine, L-Lysine (substance), (S)-2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, Lys, L-lysine, Lysine (substance), Lysine (product) |
| Spanish | lisina (producto), L-lisina, L-lisina (sustancia), lisina (sustancia), lisina, Lisina |
| Swedish | Lysin |
| Czech | lysin |
| Finnish | Lysiini |
| Russian | LIZIN, ЛИЗИН |
| Japanese | 塩酸L-リジン, L-リジン塩酸塩, リジン, D-リジン, 酢酸リジン |
| French | L-Lysine, Lysine |
| Italian | L-lisina, Lisina |
| Polish | Lizyna |
| German | Lysin |
| Portuguese | Lisina |
Ontology: Methionine (C0025646)
| Definition (CHV) | a kind of amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | a kind of amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | a kind of amino acid |
| Definition (MSH) | A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2CH2SCH3. |
| Definition (NCI) | One of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Methionine is required for growth and tissue repair. A sulphur-containing amino acid, methionine improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails. Involved in many detoxifying processes, sulphur provided by methionine protects cells from pollutants, slows cell aging, and is essential for absorption and bio-availability of selenium and zinc. Methionine chelates heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, aiding their excretion. It also acts as a lipotropic agent and prevents excess fat buildup in the liver. (NCI04) |
| Definition (CSP) | primary aminoacid with the side chain -CH2CH2SCH3, which, in the form of its S-adenosyl derivative (SAM), also serves as the principle methyl group donor of biosynthetic pathways. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D008715 |
| SnomedCT | 108956002, 386944005, 70288006, 312184007 |
| LNC | LP15730-2, LP32571-9, LP70164-6, MTHU004104 |
| English | Methionine, L-Methionine, methionine (medication), METHIONINE, Methionine [Chemical/Ingredient], l methionine, l-methionine, methionine, L-methionine, L-Isomer Methionine, Methionine, L Isomer, Methionine, L-Isomer, Methionine preparation (substance), Met, (S)-2-Amino-4-(methyl-sulfanyl)butanoic acid, Methionine product, L-Methionine (substance), Methionine (substance), Methionine preparation (product), Methionine preparation |
| Swedish | Metionin |
| Czech | methionin |
| Finnish | Metioniini |
| Russian | METIONIN, МЕТИОНИН |
| Japanese | メチオニン, L-メチオニンZ |
| Spanish | metionina (producto), preparado con metionina (producto), preparado con metionina, preparado de metionina, preparado de metionina (sustancia), L-metionina (sustancia), L-metionina, metionina (sustancia), metionina, preparado de metionina (producto), Metionina |
| Italian | L-Metionina, Metionina |
| Croatian | METIONIN |
| Polish | Metionina |
| French | Méthionine |
| German | Methionin |
| Portuguese | Metionina |
Ontology: Ornithine (C0029277)
| Definition (NCI) | A naturally occurring amino acid found in meat, fish, dairy and eggs. Ornithine is one of the key reactants in the urea cycle that is responsible for 80% of the nitrogen excretion in the body. Ornithine enhances liver function and helps detoxify harmful substances. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain - (CH2)3NH3+. |
| Definition (MSH) | An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. |
| Definition (CSP) | amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine; it is not incorporated into proteins. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D009952 |
| SnomedCT | 8514004 |
| LNC | LP62995-3, LP15753-4, MTHU004107, LP183638-8 |
| English | 2,5 Diaminopentanoic Acid, 2,5-Diaminopentanoic Acid, Ornithine, ornithine (medication), ornithine, Ornithine [Chemical/Ingredient], ORNITHINE, Ornithine (substance) |
| Swedish | Ornitin |
| Czech | ornithin |
| Finnish | Ornitiini |
| Russian | ORNITIN, ОРНИТИН |
| Japanese | オルニチン, 2,5-ジアミノ-n-吉草酸 |
| French | Acide 2,5-diaminopentanoïque, Ornithine |
| Polish | Ornityna |
| Spanish | ornitina (sustancia), ornitina, Ornitina |
| German | Ornithin |
| Italian | Ornitina |
| Portuguese | Ornitina |
Ontology: Phenylalanine (C0031453)
| Definition (NCI) | An essential aromatic amino acid in humans (provided by food), Phenylalanine plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and is important in the structure and function of many proteins and enzymes. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, used in the biosynthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. The L-form of Phenylalanine is incorporated into proteins, while the D-form acts as a painkiller. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Phenylalanine is used to quantify protein amounts. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2C6H5. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, norepinephrine and thyroxine. |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D010649 |
| SnomedCT | 421626005, 63004003, 312186009 |
| LNC | LP70160-4, LP15792-2, MTHU003552 |
| English | Phenylalanine, L-Phenylalanine, L-PHENYLALANINE, Phenylalanine (product), phenylalanine (medication), PHENYLALANINE, Phenylalanine [Chemical/Ingredient], phe, l-phenylalanine, phenylalanine, L-Isomer Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine, L Isomer, Phenylalanine, L-Isomer, L-Phenylalanine (substance), Phe, 2-Amino-3-phenyl-pronanoic acid, PHE - Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine (substance) |
| Spanish | fenilalanina (producto), L-fenilalanina, L-fenilalanina (sustancia), fenilalanina (sustancia), fenilalanina, Fenilalanina |
| Swedish | Fenylalanin |
| Czech | fenylalanin |
| Finnish | Fenyylialaniini |
| Russian | FENILALANIN, ФЕНИЛАЛАНИН |
| French | L-Phénylalanine, Isomère L de la phénylalanine, Phénylalanine |
| Italian | L-fenilalanina, L-isomero della fenilalanina, Fenilalanina |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Phenylalanine] |
| Polish | Fenyloalanina |
| Japanese | 2-アミノ-3-フェニルプロピオン酸, フェニルアラニン, フェニールアラニン |
| German | Phenylalanin |
| Portuguese | Fenilalanina |
Ontology: Proline (C0033382)
| Definition (CHV) | an amino acid |
| Definition (CHV) | an amino acid |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2CH2CH2 |
| Definition (NCI) | A cyclic, nonessential amino acid (actually, an imino acid) in humans (synthesized from glutamic acid and other amino acids), Proline is a constituent of many proteins. Found in high concentrations in collagen, proline constitutes almost a third of the residues. Collagen is the main supportive protein of skin, tendons, bones, and connective tissue and promotes their health and heeling. (NCI04) |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. |
| Definition (CSP) | cyclic amino acid, 2-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid, synthesized from glutamic acid; an essential component of collagen and important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D011392 |
| SnomedCT | 52541003, 312187000 |
| LNC | LP15818-5, MTHU004120 |
| English | L-Proline, proline (medication), L Proline, PROLINE, Proline [Chemical/Ingredient], l-proline, proline, Proline, L-Proline (substance), (S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, Pro, Proline (substance) |
| Swedish | Prolin |
| Spanish | L-prolina, L-prolina (sustancia), prolina (sustancia), prolina, Prolina |
| Czech | prolin |
| Finnish | Proliini |
| Russian | PROLIN, ПРОЛИН |
| French | L-Proline, Proline |
| Italian | L-prolina, Prolina |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Proline] |
| Polish | Prolina |
| Japanese | プロリン, ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸 |
| German | Prolin |
| Portuguese | Prolina |
Ontology: Proteins (C0033684)
| Definition (NCI) | A group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains (linear polymers) of alpha-L-amino acids linked by peptide bonds and ranging in size from a few thousand to over 1 million Daltons. Proteins are fundamental genetically encoded components of living cells with specific structures and functions dictated by amino acid sequence. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A molecule made up of amino acids that are needed for the body to function properly. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and hair and of substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies. |
| Definition (MSH) | Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein. |
| Definition (CSP) | linear polymers of alpha-L-aminoacids ranging in size from a few thousand to over 1 million daltons, capable of oligomerization, with specific functions dictated by aminoacid sequence and encoded genetically. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D011506 |
| SnomedCT | 88878007 |
| LNC | LP21236-2, LP15838-3, LP32142-9, MTHU001951 |
| English | Proteins, Protein (Obsolete), gene product, protein preparations, protein preparations (medication), Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient], protein, proteins, Protein (NOS), Protein, Protein (substance), Protein, NOS, PROTEIN |
| Swedish | Proteiner |
| Czech | proteiny, bílkoviny |
| Finnish | Valkuaisaineet |
| Russian | PROTEINY, GENA PRODUKTY, GENA BELKI, BELKI, БЕЛКИ, ГЕНА БЕЛКИ, ГЕНА ПРОДУКТЫ, ПРОТЕИНЫ |
| Japanese | プロテイン, タンパク質, 遺伝子産物, 遺伝子蛋白質, 蛋白質, 遺伝子産生物 |
| Croatian | PROTEINI |
| Latvian | Not Translated[Proteins] |
| Polish | Białka, Proteiny |
| Norwegian | Not Translated[Proteins] |
| Spanish | proteína (sustancia), proteína, Proteínas |
| French | Protéines |
| German | Proteine, Eiweiße |
| Italian | Proteine |
| Portuguese | Proteínas |
Ontology: Serine (C0036720)
| Definition (NCI) | A non-essential amino acid in humans (synthesized by the body), Serine is present and functionally important in many proteins. With an alcohol group, serine is needed for the metabolism of fats, fatty acids, and cell membranes; muscle growth; and a healthy immune system. It also plays a major role in pyrimidine, purine, creatine, and porphyrin biosynthetic pathways. Serine is also found at the active site of the serine protease enzyme class that includes trypsin and chymotrypsin. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2OH. |
| Definition (CSP) | naturally occurring nonessential aminoacid, chemical name 2-amino-3-hydroxypropionic acid; it may be synthesized from glycine or threonine and is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D012694 |
| SnomedCT | 14125007, 312188005 |
| LNC | LP15861-5, LP70308-9, MTHU004121 |
| English | Serine, L-Serine, beta-Hydroxyalanine, l-Serine, 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropionic Acid, serine (medication), L Serine, SERINE, Serine [Chemical/Ingredient], l serine, l-serine, serine (SER), ser, serine, L-Serine (substance), Ser, (S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-propanoic acid, Serine (substance) |
| German | L-Serin, Serin |
| Swedish | Serin |
| Czech | serin |
| Spanish | L - serina, L-serina, L-serina (sustancia), serina (sustancia), serina, Serina |
| Finnish | Seriini |
| Russian | SERIN, СЕРИН |
| French | L-Sérine, Sérine |
| Italian | L serina, Serina |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Serine] |
| Polish | Seryna |
| Japanese | セリン, D-アミノヒドロアクリル酸, 2-アミノ-3-ヒドロキシプロピオン酸 |
| Portuguese | Serina |
Ontology: Threonine (C0040005)
| Definition (NCI) | An essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Threonine is an important residue of many proteins, such as tooth enamel, collagen, and elastin. An important amino acid for the nervous system, threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression. (NCI04) |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH(OH)CH3. |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. |
| Definition (CSP) | alpha-amino beta-hydroxy butyric acid, a natural amino acid essential for optimal growth in infants and for nitrogen equilibrium in adults. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D013912 |
| SnomedCT | 52736009, 312189002 |
| LNC | LP15890-4, MTHU004123 |
| English | Threonine, L-Threonine, L-threonine (medication), L-threonine, L Threonine, THREONINE, Threonine [Chemical/Ingredient], thr, threonine (Thr), l-threonine, threonine, L-Threonine (substance), Thr, (2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, Threonine (substance) |
| Swedish | Treonin |
| Czech | threonin |
| Spanish | L-treonina, L-treonina (sustancia), treonina (sustancia), treonina, Treonina |
| Finnish | Treoniini |
| Russian | TREONIN, ТРЕОНИН |
| French | L-Thréonine, Thréonine |
| Italian | L-treonina, Treonina |
| Polish | Treonina |
| Japanese | 2-アミノ-3-ヒドロキシ酪酸, スレオニン, トレオニン |
| German | Threonin |
| Portuguese | Treonina |
Ontology: Tryptophan (C0041249)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2C8H6N. |
| Definition (NCI) | The least plentiful of all 22 amino acids and an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Tryptophan is found in most proteins and a precursor of serotonin. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), converted in turn to serotonin, a neurotransmitter essential in regulating appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. Tryptophan is a natural sedative and present in dairy products, meats, brown rice, fish, and soybeans. (NCI04) |
| Definition (MSH) | An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential amino acid necessary for normal growth in infants, nitrogen balance in adults; seretonin precursor. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D014364 |
| SnomedCT | 54821000, 108952000, 386943004, 312190006 |
| LNC | LP15931-6, MTHU004124 |
| English | L Tryptophan, L-Tryptophan, Levotryptophan, tryptophan, L-tryptophan, L-tryptophan (medication), L-TRYPTOPHAN, TRYPTOPHAN, Tryptophan [Chemical/Ingredient], l tryptophan, trp, tryptophan (Trp), l-tryptophan, L-Tryptophan (substance), Trp, (S)-2-Amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propanoic acid, Tryptophan product, L-Tryptophan (product), Tryptophan (substance), Tryptophan |
| Swedish | Tryptofan |
| Czech | tryptofan |
| Spanish | L-triptófano, triptófano (producto), L-triptófano (producto), L - triptofán, L - triptofán (sustancia), L-triptófano (sustancia), triptófano (sustancia), triptófano, Triptófano |
| Finnish | Tryptofaani |
| Russian | TRIPTOFAN, ТРИПТОФАН |
| Japanese | トリプトファン |
| French | L-Tryptophane, Tryptophane |
| Italian | Levotriptofano, L-triptofano, Triptofano |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Tryptophan] |
| Polish | Tryptofan |
| German | Tryptophan |
| Portuguese | Triptofano |
Ontology: Tyrosine (C0041485)
| Definition (NCI) | The levorotatory isomer of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine. L-tyrosine is a naturally occurring tyrosine and is synthesized in vivo from L-phenylalanine. It is considered a non-essential amino acid; however, in patients with phenylketonuria who lack phenylalanine hydroxylase and cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, it is considered an essential nutrient. In vivo, tyrosine plays a role in protein synthesis and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines, thyroxine, and melanin. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2-C6H4OH. |
| Definition (CSP) | amino acid, p-hydroxyphenylalanine, found in most proteins, synthesized metabolically from phenylalanine; a precursor of thyroid hormones, catecholamines, and melanin. |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D014443 |
| SnomedCT | 27378009, 312191005, 418246001 |
| LNC | LP15793-0, LP32175-9, MTHU004109 |
| English | para-Tyrosine, Tyrosine, L-Tyrosine, L-Phenylalanine, 4-hydroxy-, tyrosine (medication), L Tyrosine, para Tyrosine, L-TYROSINE 98.5 %, Tyrosine [Chemical/Ingredient], TYROSINE, tyrosine (Tyr), l tyrosine, l-tyrosine, tyr, Tyrosine, L isomer, Tyrosine, L-isomer, tyrosine, L-Tyrosine (substance), TYROSINE, (L), (S)-2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)propanoic acid, Tyr, Tyrosine (substance), TYR, Tyrosine (product) |
| Spanish | tirosina (producto), L-tirosina, L-tirosina (sustancia), tirosina (sustancia), tirosina, Tirosina |
| Swedish | Tyrosin |
| Czech | tyrosin |
| Finnish | Tyrosiini |
| Russian | TIROZIN, ТИРОЗИН |
| Japanese | チロシン |
| French | L-Tyrosine, Isomère L de la tyrosine, Tyrosine |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Tyrosine] |
| Polish | Tyrozyna |
| Norwegian | Not Translated[Tyrosine] |
| German | Tyrosin |
| Italian | Tirosina |
| Portuguese | Tirosina |
Ontology: Valine (C0042285)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH(CH3)2. |
| Definition (NCI) | An aliphatic and extremely hydrophobic essential amino acid in humans related to leucine, Valine is found in many proteins, mostly in the interior of globular proteins helping to determine three-dimensional structure. A glycogenic amino acid, valine maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. Valine is obtained from soy, cheese, fish, meats and vegetables. Valine supplements are used for muscle growth, tissue repair, and energy. (NCI04) |
| Definition (CSP) | branched chain essential aminoacid. |
| Definition (MSH) | A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D014633 |
| SnomedCT | 72840006, 312192003, 419086006 |
| LNC | LP15946-4, MTHU004125 |
| English | L-Valine, valine (medication), L Valine, VALINE, Valine [Chemical/Ingredient], valine (VAL), l-valine, valine, L-Valine (substance), Val, (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid, Valine (substance), Valine, Valine (product) |
| Spanish | valina (producto), L-valina, L-valina (sustancia), valina (sustancia), valina, Valina |
| Swedish | Valin |
| Czech | valin |
| Finnish | Valiini |
| Russian | VALIN, ВАЛИН |
| French | L-Valine, Valine |
| Italian | L-valina, Valina |
| Polish | Walina |
| Croatian | VALIN |
| Japanese | 2-アミノイソ吉草酸, バリン |
| German | Valin |
| Portuguese | Valina |
Ontology: Glutamic Acid (C0061472)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid with side chain -CH2CH2COOH. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). Glutamic acid may help nerve cells send and receive information from other cells. It is being studied for its ability to decrease or prevent nerve damage caused by anticancer drugs. |
| Definition (MSH) | A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D018698 |
| SnomedCT | 85214009, 312175007, 387236008, 42271003 |
| English | L-Glutamic acid, glutamic acid (medication), dietary supplements glutamic acid, L-Glutamic Acid, L Glutamic Acid, L-GLUTAMIC ACID 98.5 %, GLUTAMIC ACID, Glutamic Acid [Chemical/Ingredient], l-glutamic acid, acid glutamic l, acid glutamic, glutamic acid, L-Glutamic acid (substance), Glutamic acid preparation (substance), L-glutamic acid, (S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid, Glu, Glutamic acid, Glutamic acid preparation, Glutamic acid product, Glutamic acid (substance), Glutamic acid preparation (product), Glutamic Acid, Glutamic-L Acid |
| Swedish | Glutaminsyra |
| Spanish | ácido L-glutámico, ácido glutámico (producto), glutamato, preparado con ácido glutámico (producto), preparado con ácido glutámico, preparado de ácido glutámico (sustancia), preparado de ácido glutámico, ácido L-glutámico (sustancia), preparado de ácido glutámico (producto), ácido glutámico (sustancia), ácido glutámico, Ácido Glutámico |
| Czech | kyselina glutamová |
| Finnish | Glutamiinihappo |
| Italian | Acido L-glutamico, Acido glutamico |
| Russian | GLUTAMAT, GLUTAMINOVAIA KISLOTA, ГЛУТАМАТ, ГЛУТАМИНОВАЯ КИСЛОТА |
| French | Acide L-glutamique, Acide glutamique |
| Polish | Kwas glutaminowy |
| Japanese | グルタメート, グルタミン酸, グルタメイト, 2-アミノグルタル酸 |
| German | Glutaminsäure |
| Portuguese | Ácido Glutâmico |
Ontology: Nonessential amino acid (C0311461)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Amino acid which can be readily made by the human body in sufficient amounts. |
| Definition (NCI) | Refers to those amino acids that your body can create out of other chemicals found in your body. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| SnomedCT | 63330006 |
| English | nonessential amino acid, acids amino nonessential, Nonessential Amino Acid, Nonessential amino acid (substance), Nonessential amino acid, Nonessential amino acid, NOS, Non-Essential Amino Acid |
| Spanish | aminoácido no esencial (sustancia), aminoácido no esencial |
