Antimicrobial Agent

Aka: Antimicrobial Agent, Microbicide

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II. Definitions

  1. Antimicrobial Agent (Microbicide)
    1. Agents used to destroy microbial infections (e.g. Bacterial Infections, Viral Infections, fungal infections)

III. Medications: Antibiotics

  1. See Antibiotic
  2. Bacterial Cell Wall Inhibitors (Beta lactams)
    1. Penicillins
      1. Natural Penicillins (e.g. Penicillin V) and semisynthetic Penicillins (e.g. Benzathine Penicillin)
      2. Penicillinase-Resistant Semisynthetic Penicillin (e.g. Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin)
      3. Aminopenicillins (e.g. Amoxicillin, Augmentin)
      4. Extended Spectrum Penicillin (e.g. Piperacillin Tazobactam)
    2. Cephalosporins
      1. First Generation Cephalosporins (Cephalexin, Cefazolin)
      2. Second Generation Broad-spectrum Cephalosporins (e.g. Cefuroxime )
      3. Second Generation Anti-anaerobe Cephalosporins (e.g. Cefotetan, Cefoxitin)
      4. Third Generation Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins (e.g. Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Cefdinir)
      5. Third Generation Anti-Pseudomonal Cephalosporins (e.g. Ceftazidime)
      6. Fourth Generation Cephalosporins (e.g. Cefepime)
      7. Fifth Generation Cephalosporins (e.g. Ceftaroline)
    3. Other Bacterial Cell Wall Inhibitors
      1. Carbapenems (e.g. Meropenem, Ertapenem)
      2. Monolactams (e.g. Aztreonam)
      3. Lipopeptides (e.g. Daptomycin)
  3. DNA Inhibitors (Antimetabolites)
    1. Fluoroquinolone
      1. First Generation Quinolones (Nalidixic Acid)
      2. Second Generation Quinolones (e.g. Ciprofloxacin )
      3. Third Generation Quinolones (e.g. Levofloxacin)
      4. Fourth Generation Quinolones (e.g. Trovafloxacin)
    2. Sulfonamides (Inhibit DNA, as well as RNA and Protein synthesis)
      1. Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
      2. Sulfadiazine (Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis)
      3. Sulfisoxazole (UTI prophylaxis)
    3. Other DNA Inhibitors
      1. Metronidazole
      2. Nitrofurantoin
      3. Rifamycin (e.g. Rifampin)
  4. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (at 30s or 50s ribosome)
    1. Macrolides
      1. Erythromycin
      2. Extended Spectrum Macrolides (e.g. Azithromycin, Clarithromycin)
      3. Fidaxomicin (Dificid)
    2. Tetracyclines (e.g. Doxycycline)
    3. Aminoglycosides (e.g. Gentamicin)
    4. Other Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
      1. Chloramphenicol
      2. Linezolid
      3. Clindamycin

IV. Medications: Viral

  1. See Antiviral
  2. Additional Antivirals are targeted at the infected host cell factors
  3. Nucleic Acid Polymerase Inhibitors (DNA or RNA)
    1. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (nRTI, e.g. Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Lamivudine, Zidovudine)
    2. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI, e.g. Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Doravirine, Etravirine, Rilpivirine)
    3. Synthetic Nucleoside analogues (e.g. Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir)
    4. NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors (e.g. Sofosbuvir) or NS5A Inhibitors (e.g. Velpatasvir)
    5. RdRP polymerase Inhibitor (e.g. Remdesivir)
  4. Protease Inhibitors (e.g. Atazanavir, Darunavir, Fosamprenavir, Indinavir, Ritonavir, Saquinavir)
  5. Integrase Inhibitors (e.g. Bictegravir, Cabotegravir, Dolutegravir, Raltegravir)
  6. Neuraminidase Inhibitor (e.g. Oseltamivir)

V. Medications: Antifungal

  1. See Antifungal
  2. Fungal cell wall inhibitors
    1. Azoles (inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol (key component of fungal cell wall)
      1. Imidazoles (e.g. Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole)
      2. Triazoles (e.g. Fluconazole, Isavuconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Posaconazole)
    2. Allylamines (e.g. Naftifine, Terbinafine)
    3. Polyenes (Amphotericin B, Nystatin )
    4. Echinocandin (e.g. Caspofungin, Micafungin, Andulafungin)
  3. Miscellaneous
    1. Antimetabolites (e.g. Flucytosine)
    2. Mitosis Inhibitors (e.g. Griseofulvin)

VI. Medications: Antiparasite

  1. See Antiparasite
  2. Protozoa
    1. Malaria
      1. Heme Detoxification Modulators (e.g. Amodiaquine, Artemisinins, Lumefantrine, Chloroquine, Mefloquine, Quinine)
      2. Doxycycline
      3. Miscellaneous (e.g. Atovaquone-proguanil, Primaquine)
    2. Babesia
      1. Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (e.g. Atovaquone)
      2. Parasite apicoplast organelle targeting (e.g. Azithromycin, Clindamycin)
      3. Miscellaneous (e.g. Quinine)
    3. Amoebiasis
      1. Protein synthesis inhibitor (e.g. Paromomycin, Emetine)
      2. Promote toxic metabolite formation (e.g. Metronidazole, Tinidazole)
      3. Protozoal metabolism targeted (e.g. Iodoquinol)
      4. Miscellaneous (e.g. Diloxanide Furoate)
    4. Leishmaniasis
      1. Protein synthesis inhibitor (e.g. Paromomycin)
      2. Energy Metabolism Disruption (e.g. Pentamidine, Sodium stibogluconate, Meglumine antimoniate)
      3. Cell Membrane disruption (Amphotericin B)
    5. American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
      1. Promote toxic metabolite formation (e.g. Benznidazole, Nifurtimox)
    6. West African trypanosomiasis
      1. Energy Metabolism Disruption (e.g. Pentamidine, Suramin)
      2. Miscellaneous (e.g. Eflornithine, Melarsoprol )
    7. Toxoplasmosis
      1. DNA and Protein synthesis inhibitor (e.g. Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine)
  3. Helminths
    1. Tapeworms (Cestodes, e.g. Echinococcosis, Cysticercosis)
      1. Ion transport disruption (e.g. Praziquantel)
      2. Energy Metabolism Disruption (e.g. Niclosamide)
      3. Microtube Disruption (e.g. Albendazole)
    2. Flukes (Trematodes, e.g. Schistosomiasis)
      1. Ion transport disruption (e.g. Praziquantel)
      2. Animetabolite (e.g. Oxamniquine)
      3. Microtube Disruption (e.g. Triclabendazole)
      4. Energy Metabolism Disruption (e.g. Bithionol)
      5. Neuromuscular Blockade (e.g. Metrifonate)
    3. Roundworms (Nematodes, e.g. Pinworm, Trichinosis,Toxocariasis, Strongyloides)
      1. Gastrointestinal infections
        1. Microtube Disruption (e.g. Albendazole, Mebendazole)
        2. Neuromuscular Blockade (e.g. Pyrantel Pamoate, Ivermectin)
      2. Tissue Infections
        1. Phagocytosis mediator (e.g. Diethylcarbamazine)
        2. Energy Metabolism Disruption (e.g. Suramin)
        3. Ion transport disruption (e.g. Praziquantel)
  4. Ectoparasites (e.g. Scabies, Lice)
    1. Neurotoxins
      1. Pyrethroids (e.g. Pyrethrin, Permethrin)
      2. Benzyl benzoate
    2. GABA Receptor modulators
      1. Lindane
      2. Ivermectin

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