Bacteria

Aka: Bacteria, Bacterial Infection, Bacterial Function, Bacterial Toxin, Endotoxin, Enterotoxin, Bacterial Exotoxin, Encapsulated Bacteria, Microbial Biofilm, Bacterial Genetics, Transposon, Plasmid, F-Plasmid, Bacteriophage, A-B Toxin

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II. Pathophysiology: Bacterial Structure

  1. Bacterial cell wall is multi-layered
    1. Outer cell membrane (only present in Gram Negative Bacteria)
    2. Peptidoglycan layer
      1. Thicker layer in Gram Positive Bacteria (allows for blue, crystal violet stain uptake)
      2. Thin and more simple layer in Gram Negative Bacteria
    3. Inner cytoplasmic membrane
      1. Phospholipid bilayer with embedded Proteins
  2. Bacterial Shapes
    1. Cocci
    2. Bacilli (rods)
    3. Spiral, comma or S-Shaped
    4. Pleomorphic (no distinct shape)
  3. Grouping
    1. Pairs (dipolococci)
    2. Chains (e.g. Streptococcus)
    3. Clusters (e.g. Staphylococcus)
  4. Flagella
    1. Long Protein filaments extending from Bacterial cells
    2. Flagella allow for Bacterial motility, typically toward or away from concentrated chemicals (chemotaxis)
    3. Basal bodies attach flagella to Bacterial cell walls
      1. Basal bodies extend through the entire Bacterial cell wall, bound to cell membranes
      2. Basal body spins freely in the cell membranes and in turn rotates the attached flagellum
    4. Types
      1. Single Polar flagellum or Monotrichous (e.g. Vibrio Cholera)
      2. Many, circumferential peritrichous flagella (e.g. Escherichia. coli, Proteus mirabilus)
      3. Periplasmic flagella (course beneath the outer membrane of Spirochetes)
      4. Dual amphitrichous flagella on opposite sides of the Bacterial cell (e.g. Campylobacter jejuni)
      5. Lophotrichous flagella with multiple flagella eminating from a single part of Bacterial cells (e.g. Helicobacter Pylori)
  5. Fimbraiae (Pili)
    1. Bacteria covered in hair-like fashion, with short filaments, composed of repeated pilin Protein, and eminating from the cell wall
    2. Pili functions
      1. Adherence (Adhesins)
        1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (pili adhere to cervical, Urethral and buccal cells)
        2. Escherichia coli (Bladder or intestinal epithelium)
        3. Bordetella Pertussis (ciliated respiratory epithelium)
      2. Defense (e.g. against Phagocytosis)
      3. Genetic Material exchange (F Pili)
  6. Encapsulated organisms (Polyosides)
    1. Some Bacteria secrete protective coatings or capsules, composed of sugar residues (Polysaccharides), over the outer cell wall
      1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      2. Haemophilus Influenzae
      3. Salmonella typhi
      4. Klebsiella
      5. Bacillus anthracis (uniquely composed capsule of Amino Acids)
      6. Neisseria Meningitidis
      7. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
    2. Capsules prevent Phagocytosis of Bacterial organisms by immune cells (e.g. Macrophages)
    3. Detection
      1. Colonies of encapsulated organisms are known as "smooth" due to their appearance on culture media
      2. Some stains have been developed to identify specific encapsulated organisms
    4. Protection
      1. Spleen is key to filtering encapsulated organisms (and Asplenic patients are at high risk for overwhelming infections)
      2. Some Immunizations are directed against capsule sugar residues (e.g. Pneumococcal Vaccine)
  7. Biofilms
    1. Polysaccharide scaffolding secreted by Bacteria on their surface
    2. Biofilms allow for Bacterial adherence to tubes and catheters
    3. Biofilms protect Bacteria from immune cells and Antibiotics
  8. Endospores
    1. Endospores are dormant Bacterial spores, highly resistant to antiseptic measures (chemicals, heat, boiling)
      1. Two outer layers of exosporium surrounding a keratin-like Protein layer
      2. Three inner layers of a peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two cell membranes
    2. Endospores are dormant forms of Bacilus and Clostridium Bacteria
      1. May be activated after many years dormant (e.g. in soil) under favorable growth conditions
      2. On activation, they become human pathogens (e.g. Tetanus, Anthrax)
    3. Effective disinfection methods to destroy endospores
      1. Autoclave (115 C) for 15 minutes
      2. Burning

III. Pathophysiology: Bacterial Genetics

  1. DNA, RNA and Proteins
    1. Double stranded DNA
      1. A single loop of double stranded DNA is the typical genetic makeup of Bacteria
      2. Bacterial DNA is haploid (single copy per cell) and is NOT encased in a nuclear membrane
      3. Bacteria may also acquire small DNA loops (Plasmids) from other Bacteria, conferring resistance
    2. Ribosomes
      1. As in higher organisms, ribosomes translate RNA to Protein synthesis
      2. Bacterial ribosomes are 70S, smaller than multi-cellular organisms (80S)
      3. Bacterial ribosomes have 2 subunits
        1. Subunit 50S (targeted by Erythromycin)
        2. Subunit 30S (targeted by Tetracycline)
  2. Exchange of genetic material
    1. General
      1. When Bacterial cells reproduce, they pass along an exact copy or clone of their DNA
      2. Bacterial cells rely on 4 key mechanisms to introduce genetic variability beyond point mutations
    2. Transformation
      1. Lysed Bacteria will release free floating DNA which can be taken up by competent receiving cells
      2. Competent receiving Bacterial cells are able to bring intracellularly free DNA from related Bacteria
      3. Once intracellular, the free DNA is incorporated into the recipient if similar to the hosts DNA
    3. Transduction
      1. Bacteriophages (Phages)
        1. Bacteriophages are viruses which infect Bacterial cells
        2. Bacteriophages contain either DNA or RNA encased within a Protein coat (capsid)
        3. Phages bind Bacterial cell surfaces (via fibrous tails) and transfer DNA into target Bacteria
          1. Phages coopt Bacterial RNA Polymerase to transcribe phage DNA into mRNA
          2. Resulting mRNA translates into Proteins and enzymes that generate new phages
          3. Bacterial cells swell with new phages, which are released when the cells lyse
        4. Phages are of 2 types
          1. Virulent phages have more immediate effects on phage production and Bacterial cell lysis
          2. Temperate phages incorporate their DNA (prophage) into Bacterial DNA
            1. Resulting lysogenic Bacteria are initially unaffected, as the prophage DNA is inactive
            2. Prophage produces repressor Proteins preventing another phage from infecting same cell
            3. Later, once activated
              1. Prophage DNA is spliced out of Bacterial DNA to be encased in new phages
              2. Prophage DNA is transcribed with new phages formed and cell lysis
      2. Generalized Transduction (Virulent phage mediated)
        1. Newly formed phages may accidentally encase Bacterial DNA instead of phage DNA
        2. When resulting phage infects a new Bacterial cell, it will transmit Bacterial DNA
        3. Since the infecting phage does not contain phage DNA, the Bacterial cell is unharmed
        4. Target Bacterial cell may incorporate the new DNA (as in Transformation)
          1. Acquired DNA may code for new functionality (e.g. Antibiotic Resistance)
      3. Specialized Transduction (Temperate phage mediated)
        1. Temperate phages, when activated, splice prophage DNA out of Bacterial DNA
        2. If splicing error occurs, Bacterial DNA may also be spliced out with prophage DNA
          1. In this way, Bacterial DNA may be included in newly generated phages
          2. When phages infect new Bacterial cells, they may transmit Bacterial DNA
    4. Conjunction
      1. Self Transmissible Plasmid (F-Plasmid or Fertility Plasmid)
        1. Circular dsDNA separate from a Bacteria's main Chromosome
        2. Plasmids are polygenic, coding for various functionality (e.g. Antibiotic Resistance)
        3. Plasmids also encode their own transmission mechanism (formation of a sex pilus)
      2. Conjunction Mechanism
        1. DNA is passed via adjacent Bacterial cells from cells with F-Plasmids (F+ cells)
        2. F+ cells form a long Protein tube (sex pilus) that penetrates an adjacent Bacterial cell
        3. F-Plasmid dsDNA (double stranded) is divided into 2 ssDNA (single stranded) by a nuclease
          1. One ssDNA enters the adacent cell, and then pairs with Nucleotides to form dsDNA
          2. Source F-Plasmid pairs with Nucleotides to again form dsDNA
        4. Recipient Bacterial cell, now contains an F-Plasmid and is F+
        5. Uncommonly, Plasmid DNA may be incorporated into Bacterial DNA (Hfr Cell)
          1. Future transmission to an F- cell may transmit DNA from both Chromosome and Plasmid
          2. F-Prime-Plasmid (F'-Plasmid) may also be formed (similar to specialized transduction)
            1. F'-Plasmid is formed when some Bacterial DNA is excised with Plasmid DNA
    5. Transposons
      1. DNA Transposable Elements that can excise and reintegrate into another genome site
      2. Transposons may insert into the DNA of phages, Plasmids and Bacterial Chromosomes
      3. Transposons often contain incomplete, nonfunctional genes or may inactivate other genes when they insert
        1. However, Transposons may also contain full genes that encode new functionality (e.g. Antibiotic Resistance)

IV. Pathophysiology: Bacterial Function

  1. Oxygen Toxicity Counter Mechanisms and Oxygen Utilization
    1. Oxygen is toxic to Bacteria (forming Hydrogen Peroxide and other radicals) without counter mechanisms
      1. Both catalase and peroxidase break down hydorgen peroxide
      2. Superoxide dismutase breaks down superoxide radicals
    2. Oxygen utilization
      1. Obligate aerobes
        1. Require oxygen for TCA Cycle (Kreb Cycle) or energy synthesis
        2. Have all 3 enzymes to prevent against Oxygen Toxicity (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase)
      2. Facultative Anaerobes
        1. Aerobic Bacteria that can survive in anaerobic environments (but prefer aerobic conditions)
        2. Have 2 enzymes to prevent against Oxygen Toxicity (catalase, superoxide dismutase)
        3. Energy production is by either TCA Cycle or by fermentation (Glycolysis)
      3. Microaerophilic Bacteria (aerotolerant Anaerobes)
        1. Anaerobic Bacteria that can survive in aerobic environments (but prefer anaerobic conditions)
        2. Have superoxide dismutase to prevent against Oxygen Toxicity
        3. Energy production is by fermentation (Glycolysis), not by TCA Cycle (so no benefit to oxygen)
      4. Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
        1. Obligate Anaerobes cannot survive in oxygenated environments
        2. No enzymes to protect against Oxygen Toxicity
        3. Energy production is by fermentation (Glycolysis), not by TCA Cycle (so no benefit to oxygen)
      5. Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
        1. These Bacteria (e.g. Chlamydia, Rickettsia) do not have the mechanisms to produce their own energy
        2. Rely on host cells to produce ATP, which then crosses the Intracellular Bacterial cell membranes
  2. Energy Utilization
    1. Light utilization (phototrophs)
    2. Chemical utilization (chemotrophs)
      1. Inorganic chemical use such as ammonium (autotrophs)
      2. Ogranic chemical use such as Glucose (heterotrophs, includes most human pathogens)
    3. Glucose utilization (Glycolysis)
      1. Anaerobic conditions (fermentation)
        1. Glucose is broken down via Glycolysis and then pyruvate is converted to one of many acids (e.g. Lactic Acid)
      2. Aerobic conditions (cellular respiration)
        1. Glucose is broken down via Glycolysis and then pyruvate enters the TCA Cycle (Kreb Cycle)

V. Pathophysiology: Toxins and Inflammatory Mediators

  1. Immune Cell Released Mediators in Sepsis (endogenous host response)
    1. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF, Cachectin)
      1. Macrophage and Neutrophil released highly inflammatory factor
      2. Triggers inflammatory cascade including Interleukin-1 release
    2. Interleukin-1
      1. Cytokine released from Macrophages and endothelium
      2. Triggers release of various other inflammatory mediators
  2. Bacterial Endotoxins (Gram Negative Bacterial cell wall toxin)
    1. Lipid A, a highly potent toxin, and part of the Gram Negative Bacterial outer membrane
    2. Lipid A is released at low steady levels by live Bacteria, and in large release on Bacterial cell destruction
  3. Bacterial Exotoxins (Bacterial secreted toxins)
    1. Neurotoxins
      1. Toxins active a nerves and neuromuscular endplates
      2. Examples: Botulinum Toxin, Tetanus toxin
    2. Tissue Invasive Exotoxin (invasive Bacterial Infection with tissue destruction)
      1. Streptococcus Pyogenes (e.g. hemolysin O and S, Streptokinase, hyaluronidase, DNAase, NADase)
      2. Staphylococcus Aureus (e.g. staphylokinase, Penicillinase, Lipase, exfollatin, leukocidin)
      3. Clostridium perfringens (many toxins, including Alpha/lecithinase)
    3. Pyrogenic Exotoxin (erythrogenic toxins)
      1. Superantigens (esp. with Streptococcus) trigger inflammatory Cytokine release from T Cells
      2. Associated with Toxic Shock Syndrome, Scarlet Fever
    4. Enterotoxins
      1. Preformed Toxins (Food Poisoning)
      2. Bacterial colonization (Infectious Diarrhea)
    5. A-B Toxins
      1. Two toxin polypeptide subunits bound together by disulfide bonds
        1. B-Binding (or H-HoldingOn) Subunit
        2. A-Action (or L-Laser) Subunit
      2. Mechanism
        1. B-Subunit binds specific host Target Cell receptors
        2. A-Subunit enters Target Cells and initiates anti-host cell activity

VI. Types: Gram Positive Bacteria

  1. Cocci
    1. Facultative Anaerobes
      1. Staphylococcus (cocci in clusters)
    2. Microaerophilic
      1. Streptococcus (cocci in chains, except Pneumococcus which is in pairs)
      2. Enterococcus (cocci in chains)
  2. Rods
    1. Obligate Anaerobes
      1. Clostridium (spore forming)
    2. Facultative Anaerobes
      1. Corynebacterium
      2. Listeria
      3. Bacillus anthracis (spore forming)
    3. Obligate aerobes
      1. Bacillus Cereus (spore forming)
      2. Mycobacterium (weakly Gram Positive but strongly acid-fast)
  3. Branching
    1. Facultative Anaerobes
      1. Actinomyces
    2. Obligate aerobes
      1. Nocardia (also weakly acid fast)

VII. Types: Gram Negative Bacteria

  1. Cocci
    1. Obligate aerobes (all are cocci in pairs)
      1. Neisseria
      2. Moraxella catarrhalis
      3. Haemophilus Influenzae (also considered pleiomorphic or coccobacillus)
  2. Rods (in general)
    1. Facultative Anaerobes
      1. Francisella
      2. Pasteurella
      3. Gardnerella
    2. Obligate aerobes
      1. Bordatella
      2. Legionella
      3. Brucella
  3. Rods (gastrointestinal or Enteric Bacteria)
    1. Obligate Anaerobes
      1. Bacteroides
    2. Facultative Anaerobes
      1. Escherichia coli (has flagella)
      2. Shigella
      3. Salmonella
      4. Yersinia
      5. Klebsiella
      6. Proteus
      7. Enterobacter
      8. Serratia
      9. Vibrio (has flagella)
      10. Helicobacter
    3. Microaerophilic
      1. Campylobacter
    4. Obligate aerobes
      1. Pseudomonas
  4. Spirochetes (spiral-shaped, in thin tight coils and periplasmic flagella)
    1. Although Gram Negative, too small to see on standard light microscopy
      1. Require Dark-field Microscopy
      2. Also immunologically silent with an extra outer membrane with few protein Antigens (cloaks the organism)
    2. Microaerophilic
      1. Treponema
      2. Borrelia
      3. Leptospira
  5. Pleomorphs
    1. Obligate aerobes
      1. Bartonella (facultative intracellular)
    2. Obligate Anaerobes (also obligate intracellular)
      1. Chlamydia
      2. Rickettsiae

VIII. Types: Miscellaneous Bacteria

  1. No Cell Wall (Gram Neutral and Tiny, Mycoplasmataceae)
    1. Mycoplasma (60 species, do not hydrolyze urea)
      1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
      2. Mycoplasma hominis
      3. Mycoplasma Genitalium
    2. Ureaplasma (2 species, hydrolyze urea)
      1. Ureaplasma Urealyticum
      2. Ureaplasma Parvum
        1. Includes 4 serovars (1, 3, 6, and 14) that were previously classified as Ureaplasma Urealyticum
  2. Facultative Intracellular Organisms
    1. Bacteria that survive and propogate within Phagocytes (e.g. Neutrophils, Macrophages)
    2. These Bacteria survive by suppressing Lysosome-induced destruction within Phagocytes
    3. Examples
      1. Bartonella Henselae
      2. Brucella
      3. Francisella Tularensis
      4. Legionella
      5. Listeria monocytogenes
      6. Mycobacterium
      7. Nocardia
      8. Salmonella typhi
      9. Yersinia
  3. Acid Fast Bacteria and weakly Gram Positive (Mycobacterium)
    1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    2. Mycobacterium Marinum
    3. Mycobacterium Avium Complex
    4. Mycobacterium Bovis
    5. Mycobacterium Scrofulaceum
    6. Mycobacterium Ulcerans
    7. Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy, Hansen's Bacillus)

IX. Complications

  1. Bacteremia
  2. Sepsis
  3. Septic Shock (endotoxic shock)
  4. Toxic Shock Syndrome

X. References

  1. Davis (1990) Microbiology, Lippincott, p. 21-50
  2. Gladwin (2014) Clinical Microbiology, Medmaster, Miami, p. 1 to 26

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Related Studies

Ontology: Bacterial Infections (C0004623)

Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Under a microscope, they look like balls, rods, or spirals. They are so small that a line of 1,000 could fit across a pencil eraser. Most bacteria won't hurt you - less than 1 percent of the different types make people sick. Many are helpful. Some bacteria help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, and give the body needed vitamins. Bacteria are also used in making healthy foods like yogurt and cheese.

But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli.

Antibiotics are the usual treatment. When you take antibiotics, follow the directions carefully. Each time you take antibiotics, you increase the chances that bacteria in your body will learn to resist them. Later, you could get or spread an infection that those antibiotics cannot cure.

NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Definition (NCI) An acute infectious disorder caused by gram positive or gram negative bacteria. Representative examples include pneumococcal , streptococcal, salmonella and meningeal infections.
Definition (MSH) Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
Definition (CSP) infections and associated diseases caused by bacteria, general or unspecified.
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D001424
ICD10 A49.9 , A49
SnomedCT 186470002, 266187000, 187347000, 154318005, 266182006, 87628006, 301811001
English Bacterial Infection, Infection, Bacterial, Infections, Bacterial, bacterial disease, INFECTION BACTERIAL, Bacterial infection NOS, Bacterial infection, unspecified, Bacterial infection,unspcfd, [X]Bacterial infection, unspecified, [X]Bacterial infection,unspcfd, BACT INFECT, INFECT BACT, Bacterial diseases NOS, Bacterial Infections, bacterial infection (diagnosis), bacterial infection, Infection bacterial, Bacterial infection of unspecified site, Bacterial Infections [Disease/Finding], bacteria caused diseases, Infection;bacterial, disease caused by bacteria, bacteria caused disease, bacterial diseases, other bacterial infection, bacterial infections, bacterial infectious diseases, Bacterial infectious disorders, Bacterial Disorder, Bacterial infection NOS (disorder), [X]Bacterial infection, unspecified (disorder), Bacterial diseases NOS (disorder), Bacterial diseases, BACTERIAL INFECTION, Bacterial Disease, INFECTION, BACTERIAL, bacterial infection by site (diagnosis), Disease caused by bacteria, Bacterial infectious disease, Bacterial infection, Bacterial disease, Bacterial infection by site, Bacterial infection by site (disorder), Bacterial infectious disease (disorder), bacterial; disease, bacterial; infection, disease (or disorder); bacterial, infection; bacterial, Bacterial infection, NOS, Bacterial infectious disease, NOS, Disease caused by bacteria, NOS, Bacterial Disorders, Bacterial infection; unspecified site
Italian Patologie infettive batteriche, Infezione batterica NAS, Infezione batterica, Infezioni batteriche
Dutch bacteriële infectie NAO, infectie bacterieel, aandoening; bacterieel, bacterieel; aandoening, bacterieel; infectie, infectie; bacterieel, Bacteriële infectie, niet gespecificeerd, bacteriële infectieziekten, bacteriële infectie, Bacteriële infectie van niet gespecificeerde lokalisatie, Bacteriële infectie, Infectie, bacteriële
French Infection bactérienne SAI, Maladies bactériennes, INFECTION BACTERIENNE, Infection bactérienne, Troubles bactériens infectieux, Infections bactériennes, Maladies infectieuses bactériennes
German Infektion bakteriell, bakterielle Infektion NNB, Bakterielle Infektion nicht naeher bezeichneter Lokalisation, Bakterielle Infektion, nicht naeher bezeichnet, INFEKTION BAKTERIELL, Bakterielle infektioese Erkrankungen, bakterielle Infektion, Bakterielle Infektionen, Infektionen, bakterielle
Portuguese Infecção bacteriana NE, INFECCAO BACTERIANA, Infecções por Bactérias, Doenças por Bactérias, Doenças Bacterianas, Afecções bacterianas infecciosas, Infecção bacteriana, Infecções Bacterianas
Spanish Infección bacteriana NEOM, INFECCION BACTERIANA, infección bacteriana, SAI (trastorno), [X]infección bacteriana, no especificada (trastorno), infección bacteriana, SAI, enfermedades bacterianas, SAI, Bacterial diseases NOS, [X]infección bacteriana, no especificada, enfermedades bacterianas, SAI (trastorno), enfermedad causada por bacterias, enfermedad infecciosa bacteriana (trastorno), enfermedad infecciosa bacteriana, infección bacteriana según la localización (trastorno), infección bacteriana según la localización, infección bacteriana, Enfermedades bacterianas, Infección bacteriana, Infecciones Bacterianas
Japanese 細菌感染ＮＯＳ, ｻｲｷﾝｶﾝｾﾝｼｮｳ, ｻｲｷﾝｶﾝｾﾝ, ｻｲｷﾝｶﾝｾﾝNOS, 細菌感染症, 感染症-細菌, 細菌感染
Swedish Bakteriella infektioner
Czech bakteriální infekce, Bakteriální infekce NOS, Onemocnění způsobená bakteriální infekcí, Bakteriální infekce
Finnish Bakteeritartunnat
Russian BAKTERIAL'NYE INFEKTSII, БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫЕ ИНФЕКЦИИ
Korean 상세불명 부위의 세균성 감염, 상세불명의 세균성 감염
Croatian BAKTERIJSKE INFEKCIJE
Hungarian Bacteriális fertőzéses betegségek, bacterialis fertőzés k.m.n., Bacterialis fertőzés, bacterialis fertőzés
Norwegian Bakterielle infeksjoner, Bakterieinfeksjoner
Polish Zakażenia bakteryjne
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Bacterial Toxins (C0004630)

Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) A harmful substance made by bacteria that can cause illness. Bacterial toxins can also be made in the laboratory and attached to monoclonal antibodies that bind to cancer cells. These toxins may help kill cancer cells without harming normal cells.
Definition (MSH) Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Definition (CSP) toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Concepts Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Hazardous or Poisonous Substance (T131)
MSH D001427
SnomedCT 123181009, 18836009
English Bacterial Toxins, Toxins, Bacterial, BACT TOXINS, TOXINS BACT, Bacterial Toxins [Chemical/Ingredient], bacterial toxins, Bacterial toxins, bacterial toxin, Bacterial toxin, Bacterial toxin (substance), Bacterial toxin, NOS, Bacterial toxin -RETIRED-, Bacterial Toxin
Swedish Bakteriegifter
Czech bakteriální toxiny
Finnish Bakteeritoksiinit
Russian TOKSINY BAKTERIAL'NYE, ТОКСИНЫ БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫЕ
Japanese 細菌毒素, 毒素-細菌
French Toxines bactériennes
Croatian BAKTERIJSKI TOKSINI
Polish Toksyny bakteryjne
Norwegian Not Translated[Bacterial Toxins]
Spanish toxina bacteriana (concepto no activo), toxina bacteriana (sustancia), toxina bacteriana, Toxinas Bacterianas
German Bakterientoxine
Italian Tossine batteriche
Portuguese Toxinas Bacterianas
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Bacteriophages (C0004651)

Definition (NCI) A virus that infects and lyses certain bacteria.
Definition (MSH) Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.
Definition (CSP) capable of producing transmissible lysis of bacteria; virus particle attaches to bacterial cell wall and viral nucleoprotein enters the cell, resulting in viral synthesis and liberation on bacterial cell lysis.
Concepts Virus (T005)
MSH D001435
SnomedCT 67068001
English Bacteriophages, Phages, bacterial virus, phage, bacteriophage, bacterial viruses, bacteriophages, phages, Phage, Bacterial virus (organism), Bacterial virus, Bacterial virus, NOS, Phage, NOS, Bacteriophage, Viruses, Bacterial
French Phages, Bactériophages
Swedish Bakteriofager
Czech bakteriofágy
Finnish Bakteriofagit
Italian Fagi, Batteriofagi
Russian BAKTERIOFAGI, FAGI, БАКТЕРИОФАГИ, ФАГИ
Croatian BAKTERIOFAGI
Polish Bakteriofagi, Wirusy bakteryjne, Fagi
Japanese 細菌ウイルス, バクテリオファージ, ファージ, 細菌性ウイルス
Norwegian Bakteriofager
Spanish bacteriófago, fago, virus bacteriano (organismo), virus bacteriano, Fagos, Bacteriófagos
German Bakteriophagen, Phagen
Dutch Bacteriofaag, Bacteriofagen, Fagen
Portuguese Bacteriófagos, Fagos
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Endotoxins (C0014264)

Definition (NCI) The lipopolysaccharide complexes that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and other leading pathogens. Upon bacterial infections, the lipid component (Lipid A) of endotoxin contributes to its toxicity, while the polysaccharide components contribute to immunogenicity.
Definition (MSH) Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
Definition (CSP) toxin closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which does not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but is released upon lysis of the cells.
Concepts Hazardous or Poisonous Substance (T131) , Carbohydrate (T118) , Lipid (T119)
MSH D004731
SnomedCT 123182002, 18127008
LNC LP19608-6
English Endotoxins, Bacterial Pyrogen, bacterial pyrogen, Endotoxins [Chemical/Ingredient], bacterial endotoxin, endotoxin, endotoxins, Endotoxin, Bacterial endotoxin, Bacterial endotoxin (substance), Bacterial endotoxin, NOS, Bacterial endotoxin -RETIRED-
Swedish Endotoxiner
Czech endotoxiny
Finnish Endotoksiinit
Russian ENDOTOKSINY, ЭНДОТОКСИНЫ
French Endotoxines
Croatian ENDOTOKSINI
Polish Endotoksyny
Spanish endotoxina bacteriana (concepto no activo), endotoxina bacteriana (sustancia), endotoxina bacteriana, Endotoxinas
German Endotoxine
Italian Endotossine
Portuguese Endotoxinas
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Enterotoxins (C0014372)

Definition (MSH) Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.
Definition (CSP) substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract, causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.
Concepts Hazardous or Poisonous Substance (T131)
MSH D004768
SnomedCT 116554007, 95999008
LNC LP15550-4, MTHU008930
English Enterotoxin, Enterotoxins, Enterotoxins [Chemical/Ingredient], enterotoxins, enterotoxin, Enterotoxin (substance)
Swedish Enterotoxiner
Czech enterotoxiny
Finnish Enterotoksiinit
Russian ENTEROTOKSINY, ЭНТЕРОТОКСИНЫ
Japanese エンテロトキシン
French Entérotoxines, Entérotoxine
Italian Enterotossina, Enterotossine
Croatian Not Translated[Enterotoxins]
Polish Enterotoksyny
Spanish enterotoxina (sustancia), enterotoxina, toxina entérica, Enterotoxinas
German Enterotoxine, Toxine, Entero-
Portuguese Enterotoxinas
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: F Factor (C0015435)

Definition (MSH) A plasmid whose presence in the cell, either extrachromosomal or integrated into the BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME, determines the "sex" of the bacterium, host chromosome mobilization, transfer via conjugation (CONJUGATION, GENETIC) of genetic material, and the formation of SEX PILI.
Concepts Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide (T114)
MSH D005144
SnomedCT 53358000
English Bacterial Sex Factor, Bacterial Sex Factors, F Factor, F, Sex Factor, Factor F, Sex, Factor, Bacterial Sex, Factor, F, Factor, Resistance Transfer, Factors, Bacterial Sex, Resistance Transfer Factor, Sex Factor F, Sex Factor, Bacterial, Sex Factors, Bacterial, Transfer Factor, Resistance, sex factor, BACT SEX FACTORS, SEX FACTORS BACT, SEX FACTOR BACT, BACT SEX FACTOR, FACTOR BACT SEX, FACTORS BACT SEX, fertility factor, factors fertility, factor f, Bacterial Fertility Factors, Bacterial Fertility Factor, F Factors, F Plasmid, Factors, Bacterial Fertility, Factors, F, Factors, Resistance Transfer, Fertility Factor, Bacterial, Fertility Factors, Bacterial, Fs, Sex Factor, Plasmid, F, Plasmids, F, Resistance Transfer Factors, Sex Factor Fs, Factor Fs, Sex, F Plasmids, Factor, Bacterial Fertility, Transfer Factors, Resistance, F factor, F plasmid, F factor (finding), Plasmid F
Swedish F-faktor
Czech F faktor
Finnish F-tekijä
French Facteur de fertilité, Plasmide F, Facteur de transfert de résistance, Épisome F, Facteur de sexualité, Facteur F, Facteur sexuel bactérien
Russian FAKTOR POLA BAKTERIAL'NYI, F-FAKTOR, FAKTOR FERTIL'NOSTI, FAKTOR POLA F, FERTIL'NOSTI FAKTOR, F-ФАКТОР, ФАКТОР ПОЛА F, ФАКТОР ПОЛА БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫЙ, ФАКТОР ФЕРТИЛЬНОСТИ, ФЕРТИЛЬНОСТИ ФАКТОР
Polish Czynnik F, Czynniki płciowe bakterii
Japanese F'因子, Fプラスミド, プラスミド-F, F'プラスミド, F因子, 受胎能因子, 性因子F, 細菌性性決定因子
Spanish factor F (hallazgo), factor F, factor de fertilidad, plásmido F, Factor F Sexual, Factor F, Factor Sexual Bacteriano, Factor de Propagación de Resistencia
German F-Faktor, Fertility Factor, Geschlechtsfaktor F, Geschlechtsfaktor, bakterieller, Resistenztransferfaktor, Fruchtbarkeitsfaktor (intrazellulärer)
Italian Fattore F
Dutch F-factor, Resistance Transfer Factor, Sexfactor, bacteriële, Sexfactor F
Portuguese Fator de Transferência de Resistência, Fator F, Fator Sexual Bacteriano, Fator Sexual F
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Plasmids (C0032136)

Definition (NCI) A small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication.
Definition (NCI_CDISC) A small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication.
Definition (MSH) Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Definition (CSP) double-strand, closed DNA molecules found in cytoplasm of a variety of bacterial species that generally confer some evolutionary advantage to the host cells.
Concepts Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide (T114)
MSH D010957
SnomedCT 473002, 373944006
English Plasmids, plasmids, plasmid, Plasmid DNA, pDNA, Plasmid, Plasmid (substance), Plasmid, NOS, Plasmid (organism)
Swedish Plasmider
Czech plazmidy
Finnish Plasmidit
Russian EPISOMY, PLAZMIDY, ПЛАЗМИДЫ, ЭПИСОМЫ
Italian Plasmide, Plasmidi
Polish Plazmidy, Episomy
Japanese プラスミド, エピソーム
Spanish plásmido (organismo), plásmido (sustancia), plásmido, Plásmidos
French Plasmides
German Plasmide
Dutch Plasmide
Portuguese Plasmídeos
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Microbial Biofilms (C0081786)

Definition (MSH) Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.
Definition (CSP) multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics.
Concepts Bacterium (T007)
MSH D018441
English Biofilm, Biofilms, biofilms, biofilm, Microbial Biofilms
French Biofilm, Biofilms
Swedish Biofilm
Czech biofilmy
Finnish Biofilmit
Russian BIOPLENKI MIKROORGANIZMOV, BIOOBOLOCHKI MIKROORGANIZMOV, БИООБОЛОЧКИ МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ, БИОПЛЕНКИ МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ
Polish Biofilmy
Croatian BIOFILMOVI, BIOFILM
Japanese バイオフィルム, 生物膜, 微生物膜
Spanish Biopelículas, Película Biológica, Biofilms, Biopelículas Bacterianas, Capa Biológica, Biofilmes
Portuguese Biofilmes Bacterianos, Placa Biológica, Camada Biológica, Película Biológica, Biofilmes
German Biofilme
Italian Biofilm
Dutch Biofilm, Biofilms, Film, Bio-
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: transposon/insertion element (C0178868)

Definition (CSP) endogenous DNA sequences able to be excised from one place and inserted at another place in the genome (transposons), or exogenous, usually viral sequences able to be inserted regardless of complementarity to endogenous genes.
Concepts Gene or Genome (T028)
English mobile DNA, IS (insertion sequence), transposon/insertion element
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Bacterial exotoxin (C0314768)

Definition (CSP) toxic substances produced by certain bacteria, that are found outside the bacterial cell or free in the culture medium; they are heat labile proteins and are among the most poisonous substances known; some fungi also produce exotoxins.
Concepts Hazardous or Poisonous Substance (T131) , Biologically Active Substance (T123)
SnomedCT 123183007, 29750002
English exotoxin, Exotoxin, Bacterial exotoxin (substance), Bacterial exotoxin, Bacterial exotoxin, NOS, Bacterial exotoxin -RETIRED-
Spanish exotoxina bacteriana (concepto no activo), exotoxina bacteriana (sustancia), exotoxina bacteriana
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

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