II. Background
III. Physiology
- Vitamin K is required for Coagulation Factors 2,7, 9, 10 and Protein C and Protein S
- Vitamin K Deficiency may result in Bleeding Disorders
- Vitamin K Toxicity or Overdose may result in Hemolytic Anemia or Kernicterus
-
Warfarin (Coumadin) is a Vitamin K mimic that functions as a Competitive Antagonist to Vitamin K epoxide reductase
- Results in Vitamin K Deficiency
IV. Indication
- Reversal of excessive Anticoagulation with Coumadin
V. Dosing (See Coumadin Protocol)
- Routes: IV, IM, SQ, PO
- Oral route is preferred in most cases (consistently absorbed with excellent efficacy)
- IV route is indicated in life threatening bleeding or intolerance to oral administration
- IV route risks anaphylactic reaction (esp. rapid infusion)
- Intramuscular Injection (of any medication) is not recommended with supratherapeutic INR
- Risk of Muscle and Extremity Injury due to localized bleeding
- Subcutaneous administration is not recommended due to unpredictable absorption
- INR 4 to 10
- Give Vitamin K 1-2 mg orally
- Dilute Parenteral Vitamin K 1-2 mg in flavored drink
- Administer Vitamin K 0.5-1 mg IV if not able orally
- INR over 10 without bleeding complications
- Vitamin K 3 mg SC or slow IV infusion (over 15-30 min)
- Check INR at 6 hours
- Consider repeating Vitamin K at 6 hours if unchanged
- Serious bleeding complication at any elevated INR
- Replace Clotting Factors
- Vitamin K 10 mg SC or slow IV infusion
- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) 15 ml/kg
- Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC) 50 U/kg
- Check INR at 6 hours
- Replace Clotting Factors
VI. Precautions
-
Anticoagulant-laced Synthetic Cannabinoids
- Drugs contaminated with Brodifacoum rat poison
- May require Vitamin K doses as high as 50 mg orally tid for months
- Extortionary Vitamin K prices of $50 per 5 mg Vitamin K tab, may cost $45,000 per month
- (2018) Presc Lett 25(6):35 [PubMed]
VII. Research: Guideline Studies (See Coumadin Protocol)
- Consensus Conference (Dalen) advocates giving
- Vitamin K SC/IV for INR > 6
- Dalen (1995) Chest 108 (sppl):225S-522S (Consensus) [PubMed]
- Retrospective study of 51 Arizona Patients with INR >6
- No Vitamin K given in 48 patients, Coumadin stopped
- No adverse outcomes or major bleeding
- Glover (1995) Chest 108:987-90 [PubMed]
- Oral Vitamin K 1 mg acts faster than subcutaneous
Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)
Related Studies
| phytonadione (on 6/22/2022 at Medicaid.Gov Survey of pharmacy drug pricing) | ||
| PHYTONADIONE 5 MG TABLET | Generic | $31.22 each |
Ontology: Vitamin K 3 (C0025270)
| Definition (CSP) | synthetic vitamin K; 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. |
| Definition (MSH) | A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Organic Chemical (T109) , Vitamin (T127) |
| MSH | D024483 |
| SnomedCT | 69169004, 69576000, 412244007 |
| LNC | LP15951-4, MTHU014694 |
| English | Menadione, Vitamin K3, Vitamin K3 preparation, Vitamin K3 (substance), Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> (substance), Vitamin K<sub>3</sub> preparation, Vitamin K<sub>3</sub>, vitamin K3, VITAMIN K A 03, vitamins menadione (discontinued), menadione (discontinued) (medication), menadione (discontinued), Vitamin K 3 [Chemical/Ingredient], vitamin k3, 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione, 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 2-Methylnaphthoquinone, Vitamin K 3, MENADIONE, menadione, Menadione preparation, Menaphthone preparation, Vitamin K>3< preparation, Vitamin K>3<, Menadione preparation (product), Vitamin K>3< (substance), Menadione preparation (substance), Menadione (substance) |
| German | 2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinon, 2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthalenedion, 2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthochinon, VITAMIN K A 03, Menadion, Vitamin K3 |
| Swedish | Vitamin K3 |
| Spanish | menaftona, vitamina K<sub>3</sub>, vitamina K3 (sustancia), vitamina K3, vitamina K<sub>3</sub> (sustancia), preparado con menaftona, preparado con menadiona (producto), menadiona (producto), preparado con vitamina K>3<, preparado con vitamina K3, preparado con vitamina K<sub>3</sub>, preparado con menadiona, preparado de menadiona (sustancia), vitamina K>3< (sustancia), vitamina K>3<, menadiona, menadiona (sustancia), Menadiona, Vitamina K 3 |
| Czech | vitamin K 3, menadion |
| Finnish | K3-vitamiini |
| Russian | MENADION, VITAMIN K 3, ВИТАМИН K 3, МЕНАДИОН |
| Japanese | メナジオン, ビタミンK3 |
| Polish | Witamina K3 |
| French | Vitamine K3, Ménadione |
| Italian | Vitamina K3 |
| Portuguese | Menadiona, Vitamina K 3 |
Ontology: Vitamin K 1 (C0031862)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Form of Vitamin K containing a double-bond in its single isoprenoid side chain. |
| Definition (NCI) | An analogue of the naphthoquinone vitamin K found in plants. The vitamins K are essential for blood coagulation as it is necessary for the hepatic synthesis of the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X; deficiency results in a bleeding diathesis. These vitamins are lipo-soluble; absorption via intestinal lymphatics requires the presence of bile salts. (NCI04) |
| Definition (MSH) | A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Vitamin (T127) , Organic Chemical (T109) |
| MSH | D010837 |
| SnomedCT | 66656000, 63136007 |
| LNC | LP17945-4, MTHU024798 |
| English | Phylloquinone, Phytomenadione, Phytonadione, Vitamin K1, 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-, (R-(R*,R*-(E)))-, Vitamin K1 preparation, Vitamin K1 (substance), Vitamin K<sub>1</sub> (substance), Vitamin K<sub>1</sub> preparation, Vitamin K<sub>1</sub>, phytonadione, vitamin K1, phylloquinone, VITAMIN K A 01, phytonadione (medication), vitamin K1 (medication), vitamins phytonadione, Vitamin K 1 [Chemical/Ingredient], vitamin k 1, vitamin k1, PHYTONADIONE, phytomenadione, Vitamin K 1, Phylloquinone preparation, Phytomenadione preparation, Phytonadione preparation, Vitamin K>1< preparation, Vitamin K>1<, Phytonadione preparation (product), Vitamin K>1< (substance), Phytonadione preparation (substance) |
| Swedish | Vitamin K1 |
| Czech | vitamin K 1, fytonadion, fyllochinon |
| Finnish | K1-vitamiini |
| Russian | FITONADION, FILLOKHINON, VITAMIN K1, VITAMIN K 1, FITOMENADION, ВИТАМИН K 1, ВИТАМИН K1, ФИЛЛОХИНОН, ФИТОМЕНАДИОН, ФИТОНАДИОН |
| Spanish | preparado con vitamina K1, preparado con vitamina K<sub>1</sub>, vitamina K<sub>1</sub>, vitamina K1, vitamina K<sub>1</sub> (sustancia), vitamina K1 (sustancia), fitonadiona, preparado con fitonadiona (producto), fitonadiona (producto), preparado con fitonadiona, preparado con filoquinona, preparado con fitomenadiona, preparado con vitamina K>1<, preparado de fitonadiona (sustancia), vitamina K>1< (sustancia), vitamina K>1<, Filoquinona, Fitomenadiona, Fitonadiona, Vitamina K 1 |
| Japanese | ビタミンK1, フィトナジオン, フィトメナジオン, フィロキノン |
| Italian | Fitomenadione, Fitonadione, Vitamina K1, Fillochinone |
| German | VITAMIN K A 01, Phyllochinon, Phytomenadion, Phytonadion, Vitamin K1 |
| Polish | Fitomenadion, Witamina K1 |
| French | Phytoménadione, Vitamine K1, Phylloquinone, Phytonadione |
| Portuguese | Vitamina K1, Filoquinona, Fitomenadiona, Fitonadiona, Vitamina K 1 |
Ontology: Vitamin K (C0042878)
| Definition (MSH) | A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K. |
| Definition (MEDLINEPLUS) |
Vitamin K helps your body by making proteins for healthy bones and tissues. It also makes proteins for blood clotting. If you don't have enough vitamin K, you may bleed too much. Newborns have very little vitamin K. They usually get a shot of vitamin K soon after they are born. If you take blood thinners, you need to be careful about how much vitamin K you get. You also need to be careful about taking vitamin E supplements. Vitamin E can interfere with how vitamin K works in your body. Ask your health care provider for recommendations about these vitamins. Most people get their vitamin K from plants such as green vegetables, and dark berries. Bacteria in your intestines also produce small amounts of vitamin K. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin K helps to form blood clots (a mass that forms when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together) and maintain strong bones. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, liver, and vegetable oils. Vitamin K is also made by bacteria that live in the large intestine. Not enough vitamin K can lead to bleeding and bruising. |
| Definition (NCI) | The term "vitamin K" refers to a group of chemically similar fat-soluble compounds called naphthoquinones: vitamin K1 (phytonadione) is found in plants and is the primary source of vitamin K for humans through dietary consumption, vitamin K2 compounds (menaquinones) are made by bacteria in the human gut, and vitamin K3 (menadione) is a water-soluble preparation available for adults only. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce the coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the clotting factors protein C, protein S, and protein Z; vitamin K deficiency can result in deficiencies of these coagulation factors and excess bleeding. An injection of vitamin K is routinely given to newborn infants to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, also known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but may result from chronic malnutrition or an inability to absorb dietary vitamins. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Fat soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme during the synthesis of the biologically active form of a number of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism. Vitamin K's structure typically consists of a methylated naphthoquinone ring from which one or more unsaturated aliphatic side chains are attached at the 3-position of the ring. |
| Definition (CSP) | group of lipoid thrombogenic agents based on the bicyclic naphthoquinone ring system; act by inducing prothrombin transcription in liver. |
| Concepts | Lipid (T119) , Vitamin (T127) |
| MSH | D014812 |
| SnomedCT | 65183007, 74226000 |
| English | Vitamin K, Vitamin K (Obsolete), vitamin K (medication), vitamin K, Vitamin K [Chemical/Ingredient], K vitamin, vitamin k preparation, k vitamins, 2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione, Vitamin K preparation, Vitamin K product, Vitamin K (substance), Vitamin K preparation (product), Vitamin K preparation, NOS, Vitamin K, NOS, Vitamin K preparation (substance), VITAMIN K |
| Swedish | Vitamin K |
| Czech | vitamin K |
| Finnish | K-vitamiini |
| Russian | VITAMIN K, VIKASOL, ВИКАСОЛ, ВИТАМИН K |
| Spanish | preparado con vitamina K (producto), vitamina K (producto), preparado con vitamina K, preparado de vitamina K (sustancia), vitamina K (sustancia), vitamina K, Vitamina K |
| Polish | Menandion, Witamina K |
| French | Vitamine K |
| German | Vitamin K |
| Italian | Vitamina K |
| Portuguese | Vitamina K |
Ontology: Vitamin K 2 (C0086605)
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Form of Vitamin K containing a double-bond in all of its multiple isoprenoid side chains, usually numbering between 2 -13. |
| Definition (MSH) | A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora. |
| Concepts | Organic Chemical (T109) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Vitamin (T127) |
| MSH | D024482 |
| SnomedCT | 22606007 |
| English | Menaquinone, Vitamin K Quinone, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2 (substance), Vitamin K<sub>2</sub> (substance), Vitamin K<sub>2</sub>, VITAMIN K A 02, Vitamin K 2 [Chemical/Ingredient], vitamin k2, menaquinone, menaquinones, Menaquinones, Vitamin K 2, Vitamin K>2<, Vitamin K>2< (substance) |
| German | Vitamin K (Chinon), Menachinone, VITAMIN K A 02, Menachinon, Vitamin K2 |
| Swedish | Vitamin K2 |
| Czech | menachinon, vitamin K 2 |
| Finnish | K2-vitamiini |
| Russian | VITAMIN K 2, MENAKHINON, ВИТАМИН K 2, МЕНАХИНОН |
| Spanish | vitamina K<sub>2</sub> (sustancia), vitamina K<sub>2</sub>, vitamina K2, vitamina K2 (sustancia), menaquinona, vitamina K>2< (sustancia), vitamina K>2<, Menaquinona, Vitamina K 2 |
| Japanese | ビタミンK2, メナキノン, ビタミンKキノン, メナキノン類 |
| Italian | Menachinone, Menachinoni, Vitamina K chinone, Vitamina K2 |
| Polish | Witamina K2 |
| French | Ménaquinones, Vitamine K2 |
| Portuguese | Menaquinona, Vitamina K 2 |
