CVA Management

Aka: CVA Management, CVA Evaluation, CVA Intervention, Cerebrovascular Accident Management, Stroke Management

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II. Protocol: Step 1 Prehospital Assessment

  1. Activate EMS system in all potential CVA patients
  2. Fingerstick Glucose
  3. Prehospital evaluation of patient
    1. Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale
    2. Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)
    3. VAN Score
  4. Transport to hospital with Stroke Team if possible (otherwise nearest facility)
    1. Assessment tools (e.g. VAN Score) help triage patients with large vessel Occlusion (LVO)
    2. Consider direct transport to tertiary center for mechanical thrombectomy if suspected LVO

III. Protocol: Step 2 Immediate General Assessment (<10 minutes)

  1. ABC Management
  2. Obtain full Vital Signs including Oxygen Saturation
  3. Deliver Oxygen by Nasal Cannula (if Oxygen Saturation <90%)
  4. Do not delay CT Head (see Step 4 below)
    1. Consider having Paramedics wheel patient directly from Ambulance to CT (if stability allows)
    2. Defer non-critical testing (e.g. EKG) until after CT Head
  5. Cardiovascular measures
    1. Obtain Intravenous Access
    2. Electrocardiogram
    3. Telemetry
  6. Airway management
    1. Maintain adequate airway and oxygenation throughout process (critical)
    2. Intubation is indicated in unreliable airway or Hypoxia refractory to oxygenation
    3. RSI medication selection should avoid Intracranial Pressure increase and avoid Hypotension
      1. Avoid pretreatment Lidocaine and Fentanyl (no proven efficacy)
        1. Fentanyl (50-100 mcg) has been used to block sympathetic surge when vallecula is entered
      2. Maintain Blood Pressure within target range throughout intubation
        1. Prevent Hypotension
      3. Induction
        1. Etomidate
        2. Ketamine (if not severely hypertensive)
      4. Paralysis (either agent)
        1. Succinylcholine (may transiently increase ICP)
        2. Rocuronium (delays repeat neuromuscular exam for >40 minutes)
  7. Obtain bedside Serum Glucose (fingerstick Blood Sugar)
    1. Hypoglycemia (<63 mg/dl): Administer D50W (do not over-correct)
    2. Hyperglycemia (>300 mg/dl): Administer Insulin
  8. Labs to obtain in all patients
    1. Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Platelet Count
    2. Basic metabolic profile (e.g. Chem8)
    3. ProTime (PT)
    4. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
    5. Troponin I (or other Serum Cardiac Marker)
  9. Labs and other diagnostics to obtain in selected patients
    1. Liver Function Tests
    2. Urine toxicology screen
    3. Blood Alcohol Level
    4. Pregnancy Test
    5. Arterial Blood Gas
    6. Chest XRay

IV. Protocol: Step 3 Immediate Neurologic Assessment (<25 minutes)

  1. Alert Stroke Team of possible Thrombolytic candidate
  2. History: Mnemonic ("LoST MIND")
    1. Last well or Onset
    2. Seizure
    3. Trauma (esp. Closed Head Injury)
    4. Migraine
    5. Illness (recent)
    6. Neck injury
    7. Diabetes Mellitus (Hypoglycemia)
  3. Determine eligibility for Fibrinolytics
    1. Consider Thrombolytics (must be started within 3 hours of onset)
    2. Complete CVA Fibrinolytic Checklist
    3. CVA Blood Pressure Control
  4. Neurologic Examination
    1. Assess Level of Consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale)
    2. Assess Stroke Severity
      1. NIH Stroke Scale (preferred in U.S.)
      2. Hunat and Hess Scale
  5. Physical Examination
    1. Identify acute comorbidities
  6. Consider most common differential diagnosis (stroke mimics)
    1. Complicated Migraine (especially younger women)
    2. Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)
    3. Hypoglycemia
    4. Hypertensive Encephalopathy
    5. Seizure (post-ictal paralysis or Todd's Paralysis)

V. Protocol: Step 4 Rule-out Hemorrhagic CVA

  1. Imaging
    1. Obtain urgent noncontrast Head CT (<25 minutes)
      1. MRI Brain is as sensitive for Hemorrhage and may be substituted if no delay
      2. However CT Head is typically the preferred study over MRI
      3. Fiebach (2004) Stroke 35(2): 502-6 [PubMed]
    2. Head CT read by radiologist (<45 minutes)
    3. CT C-Spine Indications
      1. Altered Level of Consciousness
      2. Trauma
  2. Head CT suggests Intracranial Bleeding
    1. See Hemorrhagic CVA
    2. Immediate angiography (e.g. CT Angiogram, MR Angiogram) to evaluate for aneurysm
    3. Neurosurgery Consultation
    4. Reverse Anticoagulants or Bleeding Disorder
    5. Manage Hypertension appropriately
  3. Head CT negative despite high suspicion for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
    1. Lumbar Puncture contraindicates Thrombolytics
    2. Consider Head CT Angiogram (CTA) instead
    3. Obtain Lumbar Puncture to assess for subarachnoid blood
      1. Recommended at 12 hours after onset of symptoms
      2. Send cell count (although blood cells can be seen also with Traumatic LP)
      3. Send specimen for spectrophotometry for Bilirubin (only produced in vivo)
  4. Head CT negative suggesting Ischemic CVA
    1. Consider Thrombolytic Therapy below for moderate to severe CVA (NIH Stroke Scale of 5 or more)
    2. Consider mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel Occlusion (as early as possible, within 24 hours)
    3. Additional imaging to consider (if no delay to Thrombolytics)
      1. Head and Neck CT Angiogram (CTA) with and without contrast
        1. May help direct specific interventions
        2. Examples: Directed Thrombolysis or clot extraction in large proximal thrombosis
      2. Perfusion-weight CT or MRI
        1. Identifies the penumbra (ischemic brain surrounding the infarct)
        2. May be salvageable outside the 3-4.5 hour window (with endovascular therapy)
      3. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound
        1. Identifies arterial vasospasm

VI. Protocol: Step 5 Interventions Based on Time From Onset

  1. Imaging prerequisites
    1. CT Head (all patients, exclude Hemorrhage)
    2. CTA or MRA (evaluate for large vessel Occlusion)
  2. From 0 hours to 4.5 hours after onset
    1. CVA Thrombolysis if indicated (see below)
    2. Consider endovascular intervention (mechanical thrombectomy) in large vessel Occlusion (see below)
  3. From 4.5 to 9 hours after onset
    1. Consider endovascular intervention (mechanical thrombectomy) in large vessel Occlusion (see below)
    2. May consider IV Alteplase (CVA Thrombolysis) in large vessel Occlusion where transfer for thrombectomy is not possible
  4. From 9 to 24 hours after onset
    1. Consider endovascular intervention (mechanical thrombectomy) in large vessel Occlusion (see below)
  5. From 24 hours after onset
    1. Initiate Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for 21 days if no contraindication
  6. References
    1. Aron and Eyre (2023) Crit Dec Emerg Med 37(3): 13
    2. Powers (2020) N Engl J Med 383(3): 252-60 [PubMed]

VII. Protocol: Step 6 Thrombolytic Therapy (if indicated, typically <4.5 hours from onset)

  1. Immediate Consultation with stroke team (where available)
  2. Evaluate for Thrombolytic Contraindications
    1. See CVA Fibrinolytic Checklist
  3. Blood Pressure (if SBP >185 mmHg or DBP >110 mmHg)
    1. See CVA Blood Pressure Control
    2. Failure to control Blood Pressure <185/110 mmHg with the following agents contraindicates Thrombolysis
    3. Consider administering Labetalol 10 mg dose while obtaining CT Head if presenting BP >185/110
    4. Preparations
      1. Labetalol 10-20 mg IVP for 1-2 doses or
      2. Nicardipine or
      3. Nitropaste 1-2 inches or
      4. Enalapril 1.25 mg IVP
  4. Review risks and benefits of CVA Thrombolysis with patient and family
    1. Given 18 patients with moderate to severe stroke (NIH Stroke Scale of 5 or more)
    2. No TPA given
      1. Good CVA recovery: 6 patients (33% or one third)
      2. Poor or no CVA recovery: 12 patients (66% or two thirds)
    3. TPA given within 3 hours
      1. Major CNS bleeding: 1 patient (6%)
        1. With 45% of those patients dying and the others with typically severe Disability
      2. Good CVA recovery: 8 patients (44%) or an additional 2 patients more than if no TPA had been given
        1. Best outcomes are with the least delay in Thrombolytic delivery
      3. Poor or no CVA recovery: 9 patients (50%)
    4. References
      1. (1995) N Engl J Med 333:1581-1587 [PubMed]
      2. Man (2020) JAMA 323(21):2170-84 [PubMed]
  5. Review indications for CVA Thrombolysis
    1. Age over 18 years old
    2. Persistent neurologic deficits with NIH Stroke Scale of 5 or more
      1. Large vessel Occlusion (e.g. Middle Cerebral Artery, cerebellar artery) may have low NIH Stroke Scale
        1. See VAN Score
        2. NIH Stroke Score particularly underestimates deficits from Cerebellar Strokes
        3. These patients may significantly benefit from Thrombolysis
        4. CTA Head and Neck identifies large vessel Occlusion and can help inform decision
        5. Orman and Schrock in Herbert (2017) EM:Rap 17(10):16-7
      2. Consider TPA in significant focal deficits despite NIH Stroke Scale <5
        1. Even low NIH Stroke Scores can have significant Disability
        2. Demaerschalk (2016) Stroke 47:581-641 [PubMed]
      3. Mild strokes may also dramatically worsen in first 24 hours
        1. Consider CT perfusion study if no delay (identifies at risk prenumbra)
        2. Ng (2016) Stroke 47(7): 1914-6 +PMID:27197850 [PubMed]
    3. CVA Symptom onset within 3 to 4.5 hours
      1. May consider for <4.5 hours from onset in some patients based on ECASS3 trial
        1. See CVA Fibrinolytic Checklist
          1. Cases in which extended time limit to 4.5 hours may be appropriate
        2. Consider CT Head with perfusion-weighted imaging to define penumbra
          1. Late presentations may be considered if no delay
        3. Consider in wake-up stroke (limited evidence, discuss with stroke consultant)
          1. Barreto (2016) Ann Neurol 80(2): 211-8 +PMID:27273860 [PubMed]
      2. However no benefit and increased risk Intracranial Hemorrhage when extended to 6 hours
        1. Arora and Menchine in Herbert (2014) EM: Rap 14(1): 8
  6. Precaution
    1. Do not delay CVA Thrombolysis for lab results unless high suspicion of abnormality
  7. Management
    1. See CVA Thrombolysis
    2. Hypertension control is critical not only before Thrombolysis, but especially after Thrombolysis

VIII. Protocol: Step 7 General Measures

  1. Consider endovascular intervention (mechanical thrombectomy) in large vessel Occlusion (see below)
  2. Admit all stroke patients for 24-48 hours
    1. Admit to ICU all patients following CVA Thrombolysis or endovascular intervention
      1. Close monitoring of Blood Pressure, Temperature, Blood Glucose
      2. Monitor for neurologic changes, Cerebral edema, Cerebral Herniation
    2. Cardiac monitoring (telemetry)
      1. Evaluate for paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
      2. Cardiac monitoring with 30 day loop recorder is often obtained after discharge
    3. Obtain Transthoracic Echocardiogram
      1. Evaluate for cardiac source of embolism
      2. Indications to consider Transesophageal Echocardiogram instead (better Test Sensitivity)
        1. Age <45 years
        2. Mechanical Heart Valve
        3. Suspected aortic valve source
    4. Frequent neurologic checks (every 2-3 hours is a common interval)
      1. Speech
      2. Extremity Motor Strength
      3. Facial symmetry
    5. Consider transfer to stroke center
      1. All patients receiving CVA Thrombolysis should be transferred to stroke center (neurology ICU)
  3. Keep patient NPO acutely to lower risk of aspiration
    1. Swallowing assessment for aspiration risk
  4. Gentle Intravenous Fluid hydration only (avoid D5W)
    1. Normal Saline or Lactated Ringers at 50 cc/hour
  5. Avoid fever
    1. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
    2. Cooling blankets
  6. Continue Oxygen by Nasal Cannula to keep O2 Sat >92%
  7. Consider Thiamine in Alcoholics and malnourishment

IX. Protocol: Step 8 Observe for and treat complications

  1. Blood Sugar Monitoring
    1. Hypoglycemia (<63 mg/dl): Administer D50W (do not over-correct)
    2. Hyperglycemia (>300 mg/dl): Administer Insulin
  2. CVA Blood Pressure Control
    1. See CVA Blood Pressure Control
    2. Post-tPA Blood Pressure control is initiated at BP >180/105
    3. Non-tPA Blood Pressure control is initiated if BP >220/120 mmHg
    4. Avoid lowering Blood Pressure too low in first 24 hours
    5. Anticipate spontaneous resolution over days
  3. Seizures
    1. Evaluate with Glucose and Serum Sodium
    2. Treat with Diazepam and Phenytoin
  4. Cerebral edema (peaks on day 3-5, duration 10 days)
    1. Severe, large volume cerebral edema (malignant edema)
    2. Responsible for one third of the 25% of CVA cases that deteriorate
    3. RSI and Intubate
    4. Mannitol
    5. Neurosurgery Consultation for decompression
    6. Corticosteroids are not indicated
  5. Delirium
    1. Avoid medications that cause Altered Level of Consciousness (e.g. Sedatives, Anticholinergics)
    2. Preserve normal sleep-wake cycle by avoiding disturbing night-time sleep
    3. Maintain orientation by maximizing sensory input (adequate lighting, eliminate background noise)
  6. Pressure Sores (Decubitus Ulcer)
    1. Early mobilization and frequent turning
    2. Frequent skin examination
    3. Alternating pressure mattresses
    4. Maintain adequate nutrition (see below)
  7. Malnutrition
    1. Assess albumin, Prealbumin, and Cholesterol as markers of Malnutrition
  8. Fever
    1. Associated with worse outcome in Ischemic Stroke
    2. Thoroughly investigate for fever cause
    3. Lower fever with antipyretics
  9. Pneumonia
    1. Early mobilization
    2. Incentive Spirometry hourly
    3. Decrease Aspiration Pneumonia risk
      1. Avoid medications that cause Altered Level of Consciousness
      2. Assess swollowing study
  10. Urinary Tract Infections
    1. Avoid indwelling catheters as much as possible
  11. Mental Health
    1. Major Depression
      1. Major Depression is present in up to 30% of patients in first year after CVA
      2. Major Depression is associated with increased morbidity and mortality following CVA
    2. Anxiety Disorder
    3. Caregiver Stress
  12. Dysphagia
    1. See Swallowing Evaluation after Stroke
    2. See Dysphagia after Cerebrovascular Accident (Oropharyngeal Dysphagia)
    3. Present in 65% of patients following CVA and persists in 11 to 50% of patients after 6 months
    4. Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia, Choking and Malnutrition
  13. Post-Stroke Pain
    1. Post-stroke pain is present in up to 50% in first 6 months post-CVA
    2. Risk Factors include younger age, Ischemic CVA, Tobacco Abuse, spasticity
    3. Peripheral nociceptive pain may occur
    4. Central neuropathic pain options
      1. Short-term: Pamidronate, Prednisone
      2. Medium-term: Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine, Pregabalin, Etanercept
      3. Bo (2022) Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022: 3511385 [PubMed]
  14. Other common complications
    1. Serum Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
    2. Venous Thromboembolism (e.g. Pulmonary Embolism, Deep Vein Thrombosis)

X. Protocol: Step 9 Adjunctive Therapy

  1. See Dysphagia after Cerebrovascular Accident
  2. See Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
  3. Start Anticoagulation (e.g. Warfarin, DOAC) in EMBOLIC CVA
  4. Start Antiplatelet Therapy (e.g. Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Aggrenox) in NON-embolic CVA
    1. See Antiplatelet Therapy in CVA and TIA
    2. Do not start within the first 24 hours if Thrombolysis (e.g. tPA) is used
    3. Avoid Heparin
  5. Evaluate for significant Carotid Stenosis
    1. See Carotid Stenosis for indications
    2. Typically carotid endarterectomy is recommended for Carotid Stenosis >70%
    3. Indications depend on patient perioperative risk, comorbidity, age and symptoms
    4. NNT 7 to prevent recurrent CVA in 5 years
    5. Optimally performed within 2 weeks of CVA
  6. Evaluate for other secondary causes after Ischemic Stroke or TIA
    1. See CVA Causes
    2. See Transient Ischemic Attack
    3. Evaluate for paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (telemetry, Event Monitor, implantable loop recorder)
    4. Evaluate for cardioembolic source (Echocardiogram)
  7. Early rehabilitation
    1. Efficacy
      1. With early rehabilitation, residual deficits may improve rapidly in the first 30 days after CVA
      2. Maximal recovery is typically reached after 6 months
    2. Speech Therapy
      1. Dysphagia (swallow study)
      2. Communication Difficulty (e.g. Aphasia, Dysarthria)
    3. Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy
      1. Cognitive Impairment (e.g. SLUMS Exam, Mini-Cog)
      2. Mobility Impairment
      3. Fall Risk and Imbalance
      4. Contractures or spasticity

XI. Precautions: Neurointerventional Endovascular Procedures (e.g. Thrombectomy, Directed Thrombolysis)

  1. CT perfusion imaging (or diffusion weighted) may be used to identify patients who will benefit
    1. Best candidates are those with small infarct and large prenumbra (viable tissue at risk)
    2. Collateral circulation may sustain prenumbra area to allow for intervention well past 3 to 4.5 hours
    3. Orman and Radecki in Herbert (2017) EM:Rap 17(5):10-11
  2. Neurointerventional Endovascular Procedure Indications
    1. Not recommended for most acute Ischemic CVA based on current data (except for indications below)
    2. Indications for directed Thrombolysis in moderate to severe CVA patients (NIHSS>8-15)
      1. May be considered in large vessel, proximal Occlusion unchanged at 1 hour following tPA
      2. Consider within 6 hours if standard tPA protocol contraindicated (per AHA/ASA and ACCP)
      3. Consider within 24 hours of onset in large vessel Occlusion and large prenumbra on perfusion imaging
        1. Previously limited to small infarcted cores, but as of 2023 evidence grows for large infarcted cores
        2. Increased CNS Hemorrhage risk with endovascular therapy and larger infarctions in some studies
        3. Huo (2023) N Engl J Med 388(14):1272-83 +PMID: 36762852 [PubMed]
        4. Sarraj (2023) N Engl J Med 388(14):1259-71 +PMID: 36762865 [PubMed]
  3. Studied for severe ischemic Cerebrovascular Accident with high NIH Score (>15-16)
    1. Studies that showed benefit with severe CVA with proximal lesions by CTA or MRA, and intervention <6 hours
      1. MR CLEAN Study showed benefit but 5% risk of new CVA and no mortality benefit
        1. Most patients also received TPA (90%)
        2. Berkhemer (2015) N Engl J Med 273(1):11-20 [PubMed]
      2. Studies ESCAPE, SWIFT-PRIME and EXTEND-IA show significant functional improvements
        1. Radecki and Orman in Herbert (2015) EM:Rap 15(5): 14-16
      3. DAWN Study found benefit from 6 to 24 hours after onset
        1. Nogueira (2018) N Engl J Med 378(1):11-21 [PubMed]
    2. Studies that showed no benefit compared with Thrombolysis (less rigid in patient selection, timing)
      1. Broderick (2013) N Engl J Med 368(10):893-903 [PubMed]
      2. Cicone (2013) N Engl J Med 368(10): 904-13 [PubMed]
      3. Kidwell (2013) N Engl J Med 368(1): 914-23 [PubMed]

XII. Prognosis

  1. Factors associated with worse outcome
    1. Hyperglycemia
    2. Fever
    3. Hypertension
    4. Increased Cardiovascular Risks including advanced age
  2. Factors associated with positive impact on functional recovery
    1. Family Support has significant positive impact
    2. Collateral circulation

XIII. Prevention

  1. See Prevention of Ischemic Stroke

XIV. Resources

  1. tPA for Stroke Patient Information - Risks and Benefits
    1. http://www.aaem.org/UserFiles/file/tpaedtool-AAEM.pdf

XV. References

  1. (2000) Circulation 102(suppl I):I-204 to I-216 [PubMed]
  2. Choi (2022) Am Fam Physician 105(6): 616-24 [PubMed]
  3. Larson (2023) Am Fam Physician 108(1): 70-7 [PubMed]
  4. Lewandowski (2001) Ann Emerg Med 37:202-21 [PubMed]
  5. Tsouna-Hadjis (2000) Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81:881-7 [PubMed]
  6. Beauchamp (1999) Radiology 212(2):307-24 [PubMed]
  7. Adams (2007) Stroke 38(5): 1655-711 [PubMed]

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Related Studies

Ontology: Cerebrovascular accident (C0038454)

Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke. The more common kind, called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. The other kind, called hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain. "Mini-strokes" or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), occur when the blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted.

Symptoms of stroke are

  • Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body)
  • Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech
  • Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
  • Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
  • Sudden severe headache with no known cause

If you have any of these symptoms, you must get to a hospital quickly to begin treatment. Acute stroke therapies try to stop a stroke while it is happening by quickly dissolving the blood clot or by stopping the bleeding. Post-stroke rehabilitation helps individuals overcome disabilities that result from stroke damage. Drug therapy with blood thinners is the most common treatment for stroke.

NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Definition (MSHCZE) Cévní mozková příhoda zkr. CMP – postižení určitého okrsku mozkové tkáně na podkladu poruchy cév (srov. cerebrovaskulární nemoci), tj. jejich neprůchodnosti s následnou ischemií (mozkový infarkt) nebo poruchy celistvosti cévní stěny s následným krvácením do mozkové tkáně (mozkové krvácení). Projevy jsou od dočasných poruch hybnosti a řeči až po bezvědomí, ochrnutí a smrt. Kromě strukturního poškození se na příznacích podílí event. vzniklý edém mozku s intrakraniální hypertenzí. Příčinou bývá ateroskleróza mozkových tepen často v kombinaci s hypertenzí. Příčinou krvácení může být ianeurysma některé mozkové tepny srov. subarachnoidální krvácení. Drobnější CMP na ischemickém podkladě se označuje TIA. V diagnostice se uplatňuje zejm. CT, ev. MRI, v některých případech ev. angiografie. Jiné názvy apoplexie, iktus, laicky „mozková mrtvice“. (cit. Velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ )
Definition (NCI) A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event. Infarction or hemorrhage may be demonstrated either directly by imaging, laboratory, or pathologic examination in patients with symptom duration less than 24 hours, or inferred by symptoms lasting greater than or equal to 24 hours (or fatal within 24 hours) that cannot be attributed to another cause. Diagnostic tests include CT scan, MRI, angiography, and EEG to locate and evaluate the extent of the hemorrhagic or ischemic damage in the brain parenchyma, coagulation studies, complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, and urinalysis.
Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) In medicine, a loss of blood flow to part of the brain, which damages brain tissue. Strokes are caused by blood clots and broken blood vessels in the brain. Symptoms include dizziness, numbness, weakness on one side of the body, and problems with talking, writing, or understanding language. The risk of stroke is increased by high blood pressure, older age, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, atherosclerosis (a build-up of fatty material and plaque inside the coronary arteries), and a family history of stroke.
Definition (NCI_CDISC) An acute episode of focal or global neurological dysfunction caused by presumed brain, spinal cord, or retinal vascular injury as a result of hemorrhage or infarction but with insufficient information to allow categorization as ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Definition (NCI_CTCAE) A disorder characterized by a sudden loss of sensory function due to an intracranial vascular event.
Definition (CSP) sudden neurologic impairment due to a cerebrovascular disorder, either an arterial occlusion or an intracranial hemorrhage.
Definition (MSH) A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D020521
ICD10 I64 , I63.9
SnomedCT 270883006, 155405006, 82797006, 155388006, 266315008, 195208004, 313267000, 266312006, 230690007
LNC MTHU020801
English Cerebrovascular accident, CVA, Apoplexy, Stroke Syndrome, Stroke and cerebrovascular accident unspecified, Stroke, not specified as haemorrhage or infarction, Stroke, not specified as hemorrhage or infarction, CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT, Strokes, CEREBRAL INFARCTION, Stroke, Cerebrovascular Accident, CVA (cerebral vascular accident), cerebral vascular accident, Stroke/CVA unspecified, Accident cerebrovascular, Cerebrovascular accident NOS, Brain Vascular Accident, Brain Vascular Accidents, Vascular Accident, Brain, Vascular Accidents, Brain, CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident), Apoplexy, Cerebrovascular, Cerebrovascular Apoplexy, Cerebral Stroke, Cerebral Strokes, Stroke, Cerebral, Strokes, Cerebral, Cerebrovascular Stroke, Cerebrovascular Strokes, Stroke, Cerebrovascular, Strokes, Cerebrovascular, Stroke NOS, Stroke [Disease/Finding], cerebrovascular accidents, stroke cerebral, stroke, strokes, vascular cerebral accident, vascular brain accident, cerebral stroke, cerebrovascular stroke, CVAs (Cerebrovascular Accident), Brain Attack, Brain attack, Cerebrovascular accidents, Stroke and cerebrovascular accident unspecified (disorder), Stroke/CVA - undefined, Accident - cerebrovascular, CVA - Cerebrovascular accident unspecified, Stroke unspecified, CVA - cerebrovascular accident (& unspecified [& stroke]) (disorder), Stroke NOS (disorder), CVA unspecified, CVA - cerebrovascular accident (& unspecified [& stroke]), SYNDROME, STROKE, Undetermined Stroke, CVA, CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT, STROKE SYNDROME, STROKE, CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT, (CVA), CVA - Cerebrovascular accident, Cerebrovascular accident (disorder), Stroke/cerebrovascular accident, cerebrovascular accident, apoplexy, cerebral; accident, cerebral; apoplexy, cerebrovascular; accident, accident; cerebral, accident; cerebrovascular, stroke; apoplectic, apoplexy; cerebral, apoplexy; stroke, Apoplexy, NOS, CVA, NOS, Cerebral apoplexy, NOS, Cerebrovascular accident, NOS, Stroke, NOS, Cerebral apoplexy, Cerebrovascular accident (disorder) [Ambiguous], Cerebrovascular Accidents, Stroke (Cerebrum)
Italian Accidente cerebrovascolare, Accidente cerebrovascolare NAS, Ictus, Apoplessia cerebrale, CVA (Incidente cerebrovascolare), Apoplessia cerebrovascolare, Incidente cerebrovascolare, Incidente vascolare cerebrale, Stroke, Apoplessia, Ictus cerebrale
Dutch accident cerebrovasculair, apoplexie, cerebrovasculair accident NAO, beroerte, Cerebrovasculair accident (CVA), accident; cerebraal, accident; cerebrovasculair, apoplexie; beroerte, apoplexie; cerebraal, beroerte; apoplexie, cerebraal; accident, cerebraal; apoplexie, cerebrovasculair; accident, Beroerte, niet gespecificeerd als bloeding of infarct, cerebrovasculair accident, Accident, cerebrovasculair, Apoplexie, Beroerte, CVA, Cerebrale beroerte, Cerebrovasculair accident, Cerebrovasculaire apoplexie, Vasculair accident van de hersenen
French Accident, cérébrovasculaire, Apoplexie, Accident cérébro-vasculaire SAI, AVC, Ictus, ACCIDENT VASCULAIRE CEREBRAL, Accident cérébrovasculaire, Accident vasculaire cérébral, Accident ischémique cérébral, AVC (Accident Vasculaire Cérébral), Accident cérébro-vasculaire, Apoplexie cérébrale, Attaque d'apoplexie
German CVA, Schlaganfall NNB, SCHLAGANFALL, Schlaganfall, nicht als Blutung oder Infarkt bezeichnet, apoplektischer Insult, Apoplexie, Schlaganfall, Zerebraler Schlaganfall, Vaskulärer Insult des Gehirns, Zerebrovaskuläre Apoplexie, Zerebrovaskulärer Insult
Portuguese Acidente vascular cerebral, Acidente vascular cerebral NE, Acidente Vascular Encefálico, Acidente Cerebrovascular, ACIDENTE VASCULAR CEREBRAL, Apoplexia Cerebrovascular, Acidente Vascular Cerebral, AVC, Apoplexia Cerebral, Icto Cerebral, Acidente Vascular do Cérebro, Acidentes Cerebrovasculares, Ictus Cerebral, AVE, Acidente Cerebral Vascular, Acidentes Vasculares Cerebrais, Acidentes Cerebrais Vasculares, Derrame Cerebral, Acidente cerebrovascular, Apoplexia
Spanish Accidente cerebrovascular NEOM, Accidente cerebral vascular, ICTUS, Apoplejía Cerebrovascular, apoplejía, accidente cerebrovascular, no especificado, apoplejía cerebral, accidente cerebrovascular, SAI (trastorno), accidente cerebrovascular, no especificado (trastorno), stroke, ACV, SAI, accidente cerebrovascular, SAI, Accidente Vascular Cerebral, Ataque, AVE, Apoplejía Cerebral, Ictus, Accidente Vascular del Cerebro, Accidentes Cerebrovasculares, Ictus Cerebral, AVC, Derrame Cerebral, Accidente Cerebral Vascular, ACV, accidente cerebrovascular (concepto no activo), accidente cerebrovascular (trastorno), accidente cerebrovascular, Accidente cerebrovascular, Accidente Cerebrovascular, Accidente Vascular Encefálico, Apoplejía, Ataque Cerebral
Japanese 脳血管発作ＮＯＳ, ｿｯﾁｭｳ, ﾉｳｹｯｶﾝﾎｯｻNOS, ﾉｳｹｯｶﾝﾎｯｻ, ﾉｳｿｯﾁｭｳ, 脳血管発作, 血管発作-脳血管, ストローク, 卒中, 卒中発作, 発作症候群, 脳クリーゼ, 脳出血発作症候群, 脳卒中, 脳卒中発作, 脳発症
Swedish Slaganfall
Czech cévní mozková příhoda, apoplexie, mozková mrtvice, Apoplexie, Cévní mozková příhoda, Cévní mozková příhoda NOS, Mozková příhoda, ictus, iktus, CMP
Finnish Aivohalvaus
Russian TSEREBROVASKULIARNAIA APOPLEKSIIA, INSUL'T TSEREBROVASKULIARNYI, GEMORRAGICHESKII INSUL'T, ИНСУЛЬТ ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫЙ, APOPLEKSIIA MOZGA, INSUL'T GEMORRAGICHESKII, INSUL'T ISHEMICHESKII, ISHEMICHESKII INSUL'T, INSUL'T, ИНСУЛЬТ, АПОПЛЕКСИЯ МОЗГА, ГЕМОРРАГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСУЛЬТ, ИНСУЛЬТ ГЕМОРРАГИЧЕСКИЙ, ИНСУЛЬТ ИШЕМИЧЕСКИЙ, ИШЕМИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСУЛЬТ, ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ АПОПЛЕКСИЯ
Korean 출혈 또는 경색증으로 명시되지 않은 뇌중풍
Polish Apopleksja, Udar mózgowy, Ostry udar mózgu, Udar mózgu, Incydent naczyniowo-mózgowy
Croatian MOŽDANA KAP, MOŽDANI UDAR, CEREBROVASKULARNI INCIDENT
Hungarian Stroke, Cerebrovascularis esemény, Cerebralis insultus k.m.n., Cerebralis insultus, Apoplexia, CVA
Norwegian Hjerneslag, Slag, Apopleksi, Cerebrovaskulær hendelse
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

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