II. Causes: Common

  1. Idiopathic (Most common cause)
  2. Viral Infection (esp. Coxsackievirus)
    1. Post-Viral Pericarditis is the most common cause (up to 80% to 90% of cases) in the developed world
    2. Often labeled as idiopathic Pericarditis (but suspected to be viral)
  3. Post-MI Pericarditis
  4. Uremic Pericarditis
  5. Medication Causes of Pericarditis
  6. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
  7. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    1. See Tuberculous Pericarditis
    2. Most common cause in developing countries

III. Causes: Infection

  1. Viral (common)
    1. Adenovirus
    2. Coxsackievirus (Most common viral cause)
    3. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
    4. Echovirus
    5. Epstein-Barr Virus (Mononucleosis)
    6. Human Herpesvirus 6
    7. Influenza
    8. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
      1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS (occurs in 20% of AIDS Cases)
    9. Mumps Virus
    10. MeaslesVirus
    11. Viral Hepatitis
    12. Varicella Virus
  2. Bacterial (Purulent Pericarditis, <5% of cases overall, <1% of cases in western europe and U.S.)
    1. Coxiella Burnetii (most common of the nontuberculous purulent causes)
    2. Borelia Burgdorferi (most common of the nontuberculous purulent causes)
    3. Staphylococcus aureus (high mortality)
      1. Empyema with direct spread or hematogenous spread in children
    4. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
      1. More common prior to current Immunizations in U.S.
    5. HaemophilusInfluenzae
      1. More common prior to current Immunizations in U.S.
    6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mortality approaches 85% for untreated cases)
      1. See Tuberculous Pericarditis
      2. Most common cause in developing countries
    7. Salmonella
    8. Meningococcus
    9. Syphilis
    10. Whipple Disease
    11. Rickettsia
  3. Fungal
    1. Histoplasmosis
    2. Candidiasis
    3. Blastomycosis
    4. Coccidioidomycosis
    5. Aspergillosis
  4. Parasites
    1. Echinococcosis
    2. Toxoplasma
    3. Trypanosoma cruzi
    4. Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)

IV. Causes: Cardiovascular

  1. Thoracic Aortic Dissection
  2. Post-cardiac procedures (e.g. PTCA, Cardiac Ablation, Pacemaker placement)
  3. Chest Trauma
  4. Myocardial Infarction
    1. Acute Myocardial Infarction (in first 2-4 days following event)
    2. Post-MI Syndrome (Dressler's Syndrome, occurs in weeks to months following event)

V. Causes: Malignancy

  1. Malignant Pericardial Effusion: 15% of cancer patients
  2. Metastatic
    1. Breast Cancer (most common)
    2. Lung Cancer (most common)
    3. Leukemia
    4. Lymphoma
    5. Malignant Melanoma
  3. Primary
    1. Sarcoma
    2. Mesothelioma
  4. Cancer treatment complications
    1. Chest radiation
    2. Chemotherapy

Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)

Related Studies