II. Definitions
- Cytokine
- Derived from "cyto" (cell) and "kinesis" (movement)
- Glycoproteins act in inflammatory and immune response via cell to cell communication
- Released from cells in response to a trigger (e.g. Antigen binding) and bind and activate Target Cells
- Lymphokine
- Cytokines released from Lymphocytes
- Some Lymphokines are actually not produced by Lymphocytes (Cytokine is preferred term)
- Monokine
- Cytokines released from Monocytes and Macrophages
- Some Monokines are actually not produced by Monocytes and Macrophages (Cytokine is preferred term)
III. Physiology
- Cytokine-producing cell secretes Cytokine in response to trigger
- Cytokine regions of activity
- Cytokine function
- Cytokines are pleiotropic (multiple effects at different cells)
- Released Cytokine activity may be synergistic or Antagonistic (or redundant) to other released Cytokines
IV. Types
- Interleukin (IL)
- Group of more than 30 Cytokines that are released from Leukocytes
- Interferon (IFN)
- Cytokines released from Lymphocytes, Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, fibroblasts, Natural Killer Cells and T Cells
- Interferons inhibit tumor proliferation
- Synthetic Interferons are used to treat Hairy Cell Leukemia and AIDS-related Kaposi Sarcoma
- Interferon-alpha (leukocyte Interferon)
- Antiviral activity
- Class 1 MHC presentation
- Interferon-beta (fibroblast Interferon)
- Antiviral activity
- Class 1 MHC presentation
- Interferon-gamma (immune Interferon)
- Class 1 and 2 MHC presentation
- Increases Antigen Presentation
- Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF, cachectin)
- Cytokines released from Macrophages (as well as other cells)
- Released in response to Bacterial Infections (esp. Gram Negative Bacteria)
- Acts at the Hypothalamus to induce fever
- Acts at the liver to release acute phase reactants
- Induces programmed cell death (apoptosis)
- Mediator in Septic Shock
- Originally identified as mediator of tumor necrosis (animals), Chronic Wasting Disease (cows, cachectin)
- Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
- Cytokines produced by Bone Marrow stems cells (as well as others including T Cells and Macrophages)
- Stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells
- Erythrocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (Erythropoietin)
- Megakaryocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (Thrombopoietin)
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (Pluripoietin)
- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
- Chemokines
- Group of more than 50 small molecule Cytokines regulating chemotaxis (inflammatory cell attraction)
V. Resources
VI. References
- Mahmoudi (2014) Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple, MedMaster, Miami, FL
- Guyton and Hall (2006) Medical Physiology, p. 419-50
Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)
Related Studies
| Definition (NCI) | A substance that stimulates the production of blood cells. Colony-stimulating factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and promegapoietin. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells. Colony-stimulating factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also called G-CSF and filgrastim), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim), and promegapoietin. |
| Definition (MSH) | Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3; (IL-3); GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (G-CSF); MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (M-CSF); and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (GM-CSF). |
| Definition (CSP) | glycoprotein derived from monocytes, macrophages, or stimulated lymphocytes that are required for differentiation of stem cells into granulocyte and monocyte cell colonies. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) |
| MSH | D003115 |
| SnomedCT | 71764001, 108966005, 372559001 |
| LNC | LP100606-5 |
| English | Cell-Growth Inducer, Myeloid, Colony Stimulating Factor, Colony Stimulating Factors, Colony-Stimulating Factor, Colony-Stimulating Factors, Inducer, Myeloid Cell-Growth, MGI 1 Protein, MGI-1, MGI-1 Protein, Myeloid Cell Growth Inducer, Myeloid Cell-Growth Inducer, colony-stimulating factors (medication), colony-stimulating factors, Colony-Stimulating Factors [Chemical/Ingredient], colony stimulating factor, colony stimulating factor (CSF), colony stimulating factors, Colony-stimulating factor (substance), colony-stimulating factor, Colony stimulating factors, Colony stimulating factor (substance), Colony stimulating factor preparation (product), Colony stimulating factor preparation, Colony stimulating factor, Colony-stimulating factor, NOS, Colony stimulating factor preparation (substance), Colony-stimulating factor, CSF |
| Portuguese | Fatores Estimuladores de Colônias, Fatores Estimulantes de Colônias, Indutores de Macrófagos e Granulócitos, MGI-1 |
| Swedish | Kolonistimulerande faktorer |
| Czech | faktory stimulující kolonie |
| Finnish | Kantasoluryhmiä stimuloiva kasvutekijä |
| French | Protéine MGI-1, Facteurs stimulant les colonies, Facteurs de stimulation des colonies, MGI-1, CSF |
| Russian | KOLONII MAKROFAGOV-GRANULOTSITOV INDUKTOR, KOLONIESTIMULIRUIUSHCHIE FAKTORY, РЕКОМБИНАНТНЫЕ КОЛОНИЕСТИМУЛИРУЮЩИЕ ФАКТОРЫ, КОЛОНИЕСТИМУЛИРУЮЩИЕ ФАКТОРЫ РЕКОМБИНАНТНЫЕ, КСФ РЕКОМБИНАНТНЫЕ, KSF REKOMBINANTNYE, KOLONIESTIMULIRUIUSHCHIE FAKTORY REKOMBINANTNYE, REKOMBINANTNYE KOLONIESTIMULIRUIUSHCHIE FAKTORY, MGI-1, КОЛОНИЕСТИМУЛИРУЮЩИЕ ФАКТОРЫ, КОЛОНИЙ МАКРОФАГОВ-ГРАНУЛОЦИТОВ ИНДУКТОР |
| Japanese | コロニー形成活性化因子, マクロファージ顆粒球誘導因子, コロニー刺激因子, コロニー活性化因子 |
| Spanish | factor estimulante de colonias (producto), preparado de factor estimulante de colonias (producto), Factores Estimulantes de Colonias, preparado de factor estimulante de colonias, factor estimulante de formación de colonias, factor estimulante de formación de colonias (sustancia), factor de estimulación de formación de colonias, Inductores de Macrófagos y Granulocitos, Factores Estimuladores de Colonias, factor estimulante de colonias (sustancia), factor estimulante de colonias, preparado de factor estimulante de colonias (sustancia), MGI-1 |
| Italian | Fattore stimolante le colonie, Proteina MGI-1, Induttore la crescita delle cellule mieloidi, MGI-1, Fattori stimolanti le colonie |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Colony-Stimulating Factors] |
| Polish | Czynniki stymulujące kolonie, Czynniki powodujące wzrost hodowli komórkowej, CSF, Induktor wzrostu komórki szpiku, Induktor białkowy MGI, Czynnik stymulujący kolonie, Induktor granulocyt-makrofag, MGI-1 |
| German | Koloniestimulierende Faktoren, MGI-1 |
Ontology: Interferons (C0021747)
| Definition (MSH) | Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. |
| Definition (CSP) | a group of proteins elaborated by infected host cells that protect noninfected cells from viral infection. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129) |
| MSH | D007372 |
| SnomedCT | 327132009, 49327004 |
| LNC | LP16468-8, MTHU021353 |
| English | Interferon, interferons (medication), interferons, Interferons [Chemical/Ingredient], interferon, Interferons (product), Interferon (substance), IFN, Interferons, INTERFERON |
| Swedish | Interferoner |
| Czech | interferony |
| Finnish | Interferonit |
| Russian | INTERFERONY, ИНТЕРФЕРОНЫ |
| Japanese | インターフェロン |
| Italian | Interferone, Interferoni |
| Croatian | INTERFERONI |
| Polish | IFN, Interferony |
| Portuguese | Interferonas, Interferons |
| Spanish | interferón (sustancia), interferón, Interferones |
| French | Interférons |
| German | Interferone |
Ontology: Interleukins (C0021764)
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. ILs regulate immune responses. ILs made in the laboratory are used as biological response modifiers to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. An interleukin is a type of cytokine. |
| Definition (NCI) | Interleukin is the generic name for a group of well-characterized cytokines that are produced by leukocytes and other cell types. They have a broad spectrum of functional activities that regulate the activities and capabilities of a wide variety of cell types. They are particularly important as members of the cytokine networks that regulate inflammatory and immune responses. |
| Definition (MSH) | Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. |
| Definition (PSY) | Compounds produced by lymphocytes that regulate immune system functioning and individual cell mediated immunity. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129) |
| MSH | D007378 |
| SnomedCT | 327385005, 38476002 |
| LNC | LP30867-3 |
| English | Interleukin, interleukin (unspecified), interleukins (medication), interleukins, Interleukins [Chemical/Ingredient], interleukin, unspecified interleukin, Interleukins (product), IL, Interleukin (substance), Interleukin, NOS, Interleukins (substance), Interleukins |
| Russian | IL-14, ИНТЕРЛЕЙКИН-14, INTERLEIKIN-14, INTERLEIKINY, ИНТЕРЛЕЙКИНЫ |
| Swedish | Interleukiner |
| Czech | interleukiny, interleukin |
| Finnish | Interleukiinit |
| Japanese | インターロイキン |
| Italian | Interleuchina, Interleuchine |
| Croatian | INTERLEUKINI |
| Polish | IL, Interleukina 14, Interleukiny |
| Spanish | interleuquinas, interleuquinas (producto), interleucina (sustancia), interleucina, Interleucinas |
| French | Interleukines |
| German | Interleukine |
| Portuguese | Interleucinas |
Ontology: Lymphokines (C0024297)
| Definition (NCI) | A general term for soluble mediators of immune responses that are not antibodies or complement components and that are released by sensitized lymphocytes on contact with antigen. |
| Definition (MSH) | Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. |
| Definition (CSP) | soluble mediators of immune responses that are not antibodies or complement components and that are released by sensitized lymphocytes on contact with antigen. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129) |
| MSH | D008222 |
| SnomedCT | 45047005 |
| English | Lymphocyte Mediators, Mediators, Lymphocyte, lymphokine, Lymphokines [Chemical/Ingredient], lymphokines, Lymphokine, Lymphokine (substance), Lymphokine, NOS, Lymphokines |
| Swedish | Lymfokiner |
| Czech | lymfokiny |
| Finnish | Lymfokiinit |
| Russian | LIMFOTSITOV MEDIATORY, LIMFOKINY, ЛИМФОКИНЫ, ЛИМФОЦИТОВ МЕДИАТОРЫ |
| Italian | Mediatori linfocitari, Linfochine |
| Croatian | LIMFOKINI |
| Polish | Limfokiny |
| Japanese | リンパ球メディエーター, リンホカイン, リンフォカイン |
| Spanish | Linfocinas, linfoquina (sustancia), linfoquina, Linfoquinas, Mediadores de Linfocito |
| French | Lymphokines |
| German | Lymphokine, Lymphozyten-Mediatoren |
| Portuguese | Linfocinas, Mediadores de Linfócito |
Ontology: Monokines (C0026484)
| Definition (MSH) | Soluble mediators of the immune response that are neither antibodies nor complement. They are produced largely, but not exclusively, by monocytes and macrophages. |
| Definition (CSP) | general term for soluble mediators of immune responses that are not antibodies or complement components and that are produced by mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes or macrophages). |
| Concepts | Immunologic Factor (T129) |
| MSH | D015846 |
| SnomedCT | 58072002 |
| English | Monokines, monokine, Monokines [Chemical/Ingredient], Monokine (substance), Monokine, Monokine, NOS |
| Swedish | Monokiner |
| Czech | monokiny |
| Finnish | Monokiinit |
| Russian | MONOKINY, МОНОКИНЫ |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Monokines] |
| Polish | Monokiny |
| Spanish | monoquina (sustancia), monoquina, Monocinas |
| French | Monokines |
| German | Monokine |
| Italian | Monochine |
| Portuguese | Monocinas |
Ontology: Tumor Necrosis Factors (C0041368)
| Definition (NCI) | Family of cell surface proteins structurally related to tumor necrosis factor. They are involved in lymphocyte homeostasis by their ability to induce apoptosis. |
| Definition (MSH) | A family of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to cause NECROSIS of NEOPLASMS. Their necrotic effect on cells is mediated through TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTORS which induce APOPTOSIS. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129) |
| MSH | D048069 |
| LNC | LP15932-4 |
| French | Facteurs nécrosants des tumeurs, Ligands des récepteurs du TNF, Facteurs de nécrose tumorale |
| Swedish | Tumörnekrosfaktorer |
| English | tumor necrosis factor, Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Protein, TNF RECEPT LIGANDS, tumor necrosis factor (unspecified), TNF (unspecified), Tumor Necrosis Factors [Chemical/Ingredient], Tumor necrosis factor, tnf, tnfa, tumour necrosis factor alpha, cachectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), tumour necrosis factor, alpha tnf, tnf alpha, tnf-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF, Necrosis Factors, Tumor, Receptor Ligands, TNF, TNF Receptor Ligands, Tumor Necrosis Factors |
| Czech | tumory nekrotizující faktory, faktory nekrotizující nádory, TNFs, faktory nádorové nekrózy, TNF |
| Finnish | Tuumorinekroositekijät |
| Russian | NNF, NOVOOBRAZOVANII NEKROZA FAKTORY, OPUKHOLEI NEKROZA FAKTORY, TNF, ННФ, НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЙ НЕКРОЗА ФАКТОРЫ, ОПУХОЛЕЙ НЕКРОЗА ФАКТОРЫ |
| Japanese | TNFレセプターリガンド, 腫瘍壊死因子スーパーファミリーリガンド, TNF受容体リガンド, 腫瘍壊死因子 |
| Italian | Ligandi del recettore TNF, Fattori di necrosi tumorale |
| Croatian | TUMORSKI NEKROTIČNI FAKTORI |
| Polish | Czynniki martwicy nowotworu, Czynniki martwicy guza, TNF, Czynniki nekrozy nowotworów, Czynniki martwicy nowotworów |
| German | TNF-Rezeptor-Liganden, Tumor-Nekrose-Faktoren |
| Portuguese | Fatores de Necrose Tumoral |
| Spanish | Factores de Necrosis Tumoral |
Ontology: cytokine (C0079189)
| Definition (CHV) | a kind of protein that involves in immune reaction |
| Definition (NCI) | A class of soluble glycoproteins which act nonenzymatically through specific receptors to regulate immune responses. Cytokines are derived from both immune and non-immune cells and are intercellular mediators that differ from hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A substance that is made by cells of the immune system. Some cytokines can boost the immune response and others can suppress it. Cytokines can also be made in the laboratory by recombinant DNA technology and used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. |
| Definition (MSH) | Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. |
| Definition (PSY) | Non-antibody proteins secreted by various cell types that act as intercellular mediators. |
| Definition (CSP) | soluble factors elaborated by cells of the immune system that act on other cells to regulate their function. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129) |
| MSH | D016207 |
| SnomedCT | 75777003 |
| LNC | LP31391-3, MTHU018469 |
| English | Cytokines, cytokine, cytokines, Cytokines [Chemical/Ingredient], Cytokine, Cytokine (substance), Cytokine, NOS |
| Swedish | Cytokiner |
| Czech | cytokiny |
| Finnish | Sytokiinit |
| French | Cytokines |
| Russian | TSITOKINY, ЦИТОКИНЫ |
| Croatian | CITOKINI |
| Polish | Cytokiny |
| Spanish | citoquina (sustancia), citoquina, Citocinas |
| German | Cytokine, Zytokine |
| Italian | Citochine |
| Portuguese | Citocinas |
Ontology: chemokine (C0282554)
| Definition (NCI) | Chemokines constitute a superfamily of small (8-10 kDa), inducible, secreted, pro-inflammatory cytokines that are involved in a variety of immune and inflammatory responses as well as in viral infection. Chemokines act primarily as chemoattractants and activators of specific types of leukocytes. Some members of this family were initially identified on the basis of their biological activities (e.g., IL-8, GRO), others were discovered using subtractive hybridization (e.g., RANTES) or signal sequence trap (e.g., PBSF/SDF-1)11 cloning strategies. They attract and activate leukocytes and regulate diverse cellular systems and organs ranging from blood vessels to the central nervous system. |
| Definition (CSP) | family of 8-10 KD cytokines; chemoattract leukocytes. |
| Definition (MSH) | Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129) |
| MSH | D018925 |
| English | Chemokines, Chemotactic Cytokines, Cytokines, Chemotactic, Intercrines, chemoattractant cytokine, chemokine, chemotactic cytokine, Chemokine, Chemokines [Chemical/Ingredient], chemokines, Homologous Chemotactic Cytokines, SIS cytokines |
| Swedish | Kemokiner |
| Czech | cytokiny chemotaktické, chemokiny |
| Finnish | Kemokiinit |
| French | Chémokines, Cytokines chimioattractantes, Chimiokines, Cytokines chimiotactiques, Intercrines |
| Italian | Intercrine, Citochine chemiotattiche, Chemiochine, Chemochine |
| Russian | TSITOKINY KHEMOTAKSICHESKIE, KHEMOTAKTICHESKIE TSITOKINY, KHEMOKINY, KHEMOTAKSICHESKIE TSITOKINY, INTERKRINY, ИНТЕРКРИНЫ, ХЕМОКИНЫ, ХЕМОТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ЦИТОКИНЫ, ХЕМОТАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЦИТОКИНЫ, ЦИТОКИНЫ ХЕМОТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ |
| Croatian | KEMOKINI |
| Polish | Cytokiny chemotaktyczne, Chemokiny |
| Japanese | インタクライン, ケモカイン, 化学走性サイトカイン |
| German | Chemokine, Chemotaktische Zytokine, Intercrine, Zytokine, chemotaktische |
| Portuguese | Citocinas Quimiotáticas, Intercrinas, Quimiocinas |
| Spanish | Intercrinas, Quimiocinas, Citocinas Quimiotácticas |
