III. Mechanism

  1. Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)
    1. Endogenous Cytokine encoded by human CSF-2 Gene
    2. Modulates the production and differentiation of Granulocyte, Macrophage, Eosinophil progenitors
    3. Also stimulates additional immune function
      1. Promotes Antigen Presentation
      2. Up-regulates Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
      3. Increases Interleukin-2-mediated Lymphokine-activated killer cell function
      4. Augments host antitumoral Immunity
  2. Sargramostim
    1. Recombinant, synthetic agent chemically identical to endogenous human GM-CSF (except Leucine substitution at 23)
    2. Similar activity to endogenous GM-CSF

IV. Dosing

  1. See other references

V. Adverse Effects

  1. Hypersensitivity Reaction or Infusion Reaction
  2. Capillary Leak Syndrome
  3. Supraventricular Arrhythmias
    1. Increased risk in patients with history of Cardiac Arrhythmia

VI. Safety

  1. Avoid Benzyl Alcohol containing solutions in pregnancy, Lactation and infants (risk of gaping syndrome)
  2. Unknown safety in pregnancy
  3. Unknown safety in Lactation

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Related Studies

Ontology: Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (C0079460)

Definition (NCI) This protein is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer. The gene has been localized to a cluster of related genes at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. (from LocusLink)
Definition (NCI) An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.
Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) A substance that helps make more white blood cells, especially granulocytes, macrophages, and cells that become platelets. It is a cytokine that is a type of hematopoietic (blood-forming) agent.
Definition (MSH) An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.
Concepts Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129)
MSH D016178
SnomedCT 53681007
English Cell-Stimulating Factor, Histamine-Producing, Colony Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte Macrophage, Colony-Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte-Macrophage, CSF-2, CSF-GM, GM-CSF, Histamine Producing Cell Stimulating Factor, Histamine-Producing Cell-Stimulating Factor, TC-GM-CSF, Tumor-Cell Human GM Colony-Stimulating Factor, Colony-stimulating factor 2, GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY A STIMULATING FACTOR, histamine producing cell stimulating factor, GMCSF (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor [Chemical/Ingredient], gm-cfs, gmcsf, gm-csf, gm csf, Tumor Cell Human GM Colony Stimulating Factor, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage, Colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage (substance), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CSF, Colony-Stimulating Factor, GM CSF, Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Colony Stimulating Factor 2, Colony Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte-Macrophage, Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, CSF2, Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
Swedish Granulocyt-makrofagkolonistimulerande faktor
Czech faktor stimulující granulocyto-makrofágové kolonie
Finnish Granulosyytti-makrofagikasvutekijä
French Facteur de croissance des granulocytes et macrophages, Facteur stimulant la formation de colonies de neutrophiles et de macrophages, Facteur stimulant les colonies de granulocytes et de macrophages, Facteur stimulant les colonies de granulocytes-macrophages, Facteur stimulant la formation de colonies de granulocytes et de macrophages, Facteur de stimulation des colonies de granulocytes et de macrophages, Facteur de croissance des colonies granulocytaires et macrophagiques, GM-CSF, GMCSF, Facteur de croissance des granulocytes-macrophages, Facteur de croissance granulocyto-monocytaire
Russian GRANULOTSIT-MAKROFAGOV KOLONIESTIMULIRUIUSHCHII FAKTOR, GM-KSF, GISTAMIN-PRODUTSIRUIUSHCHIE KLETKI, STIMULIRUIUSHCHII FAKTOR, KOLONIESTIMULIRUIUSHCHII FAKTOR GRANULOTSIT-MAKROFAGOV, KSF-GM, GM-KSF REKOMBINANTNYI, ГРАНУЛОЦИТОВ МАКРОФАГОВ КОЛОНИЕСТИМУЛИРУЮЩИЕ ФАКТОРЫ РЕКОМБИНАНТНЫЕ, GRANULOTSITOV MAKROFAGOV KOLONIESTIMULIRUIUSHCHIE FAKTORY REKOMBINANTNYE, ГМ-КСФ РЕКОМБИНАНТНЫЙ, CSF-GM, GM-CSF, ГИСТАМИН-ПРОДУЦИРУЮЩИЕ КЛЕТКИ, СТИМУЛИРУЮЩИЙ ФАКТОР, ГМ-КСФ, ГРАНУЛОЦИТ-МАКРОФАГОВ КОЛОНИЕСТИМУЛИРУЮЩИЙ ФАКТОР, КОЛОНИЕСТИМУЛИРУЮЩИЙ ФАКТОР ГРАНУЛОЦИТ-МАКРОФАГОВ, КСФ-ГМ
Japanese 顆粒球・マクロファージコロニー刺激因子, 顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子, 顆粒球-マクロファージコロニー刺激因子, ヒスタミン産生細胞刺激因子, 顆粒球マクロファージコロニー形成刺激因子
Spanish Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos, Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Macrófagos y Granulocitos, CSF - GM, factor estimulante de formación de colonias, granulocito - macrófago (sustancia), factor estimulante de formación de colonias, granulocito - macrófago, CSF-GM, GM-CSF, Factor de Célula Estimulante Productora de Histamina
German GRANULOZYTEN MAKROPHAGEN KOLONIE A STIMULIERENDER FAKTOR, CSF-GM, GM-CSF, Granulozyten-Makrophagen-Kolonien-stimulierender Faktor, Histamin-produzierende Zellen-stimulierender Faktor, Kolonien-stimulierender Faktor, Granulozyten-Makrophagen-
Portuguese Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos e Granulócitos, Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos, CSF-GM, GM-CSF, Fator Estimulador de Células para Produção de Histamina
Croatian GRANULOCITNO-MAKROFAGNE KOLONIJE, STIMULIRAJUĆI FAKTORI
Polish Czynnik stymulujący komórki produkujące histaminę, CSF-GM, Czynnik stymulujący kolonie granulocyt-makrofag, CSF-2, TC-GM-CSF
Italian Fattore stimolante le colonie dei granulociti e dei macrofagi

Ontology: sargramostim (C0216231)

Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) A substance that helps make more white blood cells, especially granulocytes, macrophages, and cells that become platelets. It is a cytokine that is a type of hematopoietic (blood-forming) agent.
Definition (NCI) A recombinant therapeutic agent chemically identical to endogenous human GM-CSF except a leucine substitution in position 23. Binding to specific cell surface receptors, sargramostim modulates the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production and may reverse treatment-induced neutropenias. This agent also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function; it may also augment host antitumoral immunity.
Definition (PDQ) A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human GM-CSF. Binding to specific cell surface receptors, sargramostim modulates the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production and may reverse treatment-induced neutropenias. This agent also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function; it may also augment host antitumoral immunity. Check for "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=40566&idtype=1" active clinical trials or "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=40566&idtype=1&closed=1" closed clinical trials using this agent. ("http://nciterms.nci.nih.gov:80/NCIBrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C1492" NCI Thesaurus)
Concepts Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Immunologic Factor (T129)
MSH C081222
SnomedCT 388375003, 108967001
English Colony-stimulating factor 2 (human clone pHG25 protein moiety), 23-L-leucine-, Sargramostatin, 23-L-Leucinecolony-Stimulating Factor 2, sargramostim (medication), leukocytic promotional agents sargramostim, SARGRAMOSTIM, sargramostim [Chemical/Ingredient], sagramostim, Sargramostim (product), Sargramostim (substance), Sargramostim, GM-CSF, sargramostim, Sagramostim, rhu GM-CFS
Spanish sargramostim, sargramostina, sargramostim (producto), sargramostina (sustancia), sargramostina (producto), sargramostim (sustancia)