II. Definitions
- Antimetabolite Chemotherapy
- Agents (typically analogs) that block DNA, RNA or Protein synthesis
- Suppress cancer cell expression, growth and replication
III. Medications Purine Analogs
- Mechanism
- Purine Analogs, resembling adenine or guanine, and incorporate into DNA
- Result in DNA cross-linking and inhibition of synthesis and repair of DNA
- Purine Analogs
IV. Medications: Pyrimidine Analogs
- Mechanism
- Pyrimidine Analogs, resembling cytosine, uracil or thymine, and incorporate into DNA and RNA
- Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis
- Cytidine Analogs are described in a separate category below
- Pyrimidine Analogs
V. Medications: Cytidine Analogs
- Mechanism
- Antineoplastic, PyrimidineNucleoside analogs of cytidine
- By binding DNA at cytidine binding sites, these analogs block DNA methyltransferase, and in turn DNA methylation
- Cytidine Analogs
- Azacitidine (5-azacytidine)
- Cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside, ara-C)
- Decitabine
- Gemcitabine
VI. Medications: Folic Acid Antagonist
- Mechanism
- Folic Acid analogs that resemble its structure, binding Folate-dependent enzymes, and block their activity
- As an example, inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase results in a failed synthesis of Tetrahydrofolate (FH4)
- Result in decreased DNA, RNA and Protein synthesis
- Folic Acid Antagonists
VII. Medications: Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (HDAC Inhibitor)
- Mechanism
- Histones are the spools around which DNA are wrapped, and which play a role in gene expression
- Cancers may be facilitated by abnormally expressed genes in specific histone regions
- HDAC Inhibitors block histone deacetylase
- Histone deacetylase is an enzyme that catalyzes removal of acetyl groups from core histones
- Results in hyperacetylation of histones, suppressing gene expression and cell differentiation
- Histones are the spools around which DNA are wrapped, and which play a role in gene expression
- HDAC Inhibitors
VIII. Medications: Miscellaneous
- Various mechanisms that interfere with DNA, RNA or Protein synthesis
- Agents
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Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A substance that blocks the activity of folic acid. Folate antagonists are used to treat cancer. |
Definition (NCI) | A compound with a chemical structure similar to folic acid. Folate antagonists inhibit one or more folate-dependent enzymes, resulting in decreased DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. |
Definition (MSH) | Inhibitors of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE), which converts dihydrofolate (FH2) to tetrahydrofolate (FH4). They are frequently used in cancer chemotherapy. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033) |
Definition (CSP) | inhibitors of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase, which converts dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate; frequently used in cancer chemotherapy. |
Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
MSH | D005493 |
SnomedCT | 349846008, 372612001 |
English | Acid Antagonists, Folic, Antagonists, Folic Acid, Antifolates, FOLIC ACID ANTAG, folic acid inhibitors (medication), folic acid inhibitors, Folic Acid Antagonists, antifolate, antagonists folate, antifolates, folic acid antagonists, Folic acid--Antagonists, folate antagonist, Inhibitors, Dihydrofolate Reductase, Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors, Reductase Inhibitors, Dihydrofolate, Antifolate, Antifolate (product), Antifolate (substance), folic acid antagonist, Folate Analog, Folate Antagonist, Folate Inhibitors, Folic Acid Analog, Folic Acid Antagonist, Folic Acid Inhibitors |
Swedish | Folsyraantagonister |
Czech | kyselina listová - antagonisté |
Finnish | Foolihapon vastavaikuttajat |
French | Antagonistes de l'acide folique, Anti-folates, Antifolates, Anti-foliques, Antifoliques |
Italian | Antifolati, Antagonisti dell'acido folico |
Russian | ANTAGONISTY FOLIEVOI KISLOTY, FOLIEVOI KISLOTY ANTAGONISTY, АНТАГОНИСТЫ ФОЛИЕВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ, ФОЛИЕВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ АНТАГОНИСТЫ |
Polish | Antagoniści kwasu foliowego |
Japanese | 抗葉酸塩, 葉酸拮抗物質, 抗葉酸剤, 葉酸きっ抗剤, 葉酸拮抗剤, 葉酸代謝拮抗剤, 葉酸拮抗体 |
Spanish | antifolato (producto), antifolato (sustancia), antifolato, Antifolatos, Antagonistas del Ácido Fólico |
German | Antignosten, Folsäure-, Folsäureantagonisten |
Portuguese | Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico, Antifolatos |
Ontology: Pyrimidine analog (C0280039)
Definition (NCI) | An antimetabolite that affects the metabolism and utilization of pyrimidines. |
Definition (CSP) | synthetic or natural chemical compounds which resemble pyrimidine in structure and/or function. |
Concepts | Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide (T114) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
SnomedCT | 108812001, 372544007 |
English | analogs pyrimidine, pyrimidine analog, Pyrimidine antagonist, Pyrimidine analog (product), Pyrimidine analog (substance), Pyrimidine analogue, Pyrimidine analog, pyrimidine antagonist, Pyrimidine Antagonist |
Spanish | análogo de pirimidina (producto), análogo de pirimidina (sustancia), análogo de pirimidina |
Ontology: Purine analog (C1268902)
Definition (CSP) | synthetic or natural chemical compounds which resemble naturally occurring purine in structure and/or function. |
Concepts | Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide (T114) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) |
SnomedCT | 108799004, 372543001 |
English | analogs purine, purine analog, analogues purine, Purine analog (product), Purine analog (substance), Purine analogue, Purine analog |
Spanish | análogo de purina (producto), análogo de purina (sustancia), análogo de purina |
Ontology: Histone deacetylase inhibitor (C1512474)
Definition (MSH) | Compounds that inhibit HISTONE DEACETYLASES. This class of drugs may influence gene expression by increasing the level of acetylated HISTONES in specific CHROMATIN domains. |
Definition (NCI) | Any substance that inhibits histone deacetylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of acetyl groups from core histones. Inhibition of histone deacetylase can result in hyperacetylation of histones, with an effect on gene expression and cell differentiation. |
Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A substance that causes a chemical change that stops tumor cells from dividing. HDAC inhibitors are being studied in the treatment of cancer. |
Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
MSH | D056572 |
SnomedCT | 423081009, 423078004 |
English | Histone deacetylase inhibitor (product), Histone deacetylase inhibitor (substance), Histone deacetylase inhibitor, Inhibitors, HDAC, Inhibitors, Histone Deacetylase, Deacetylase Inhibitor, Histone, Deacetylase Inhibitors, Histone, HDAC Inhibitors, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, Inhibitor, Histone Deacetylase, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, histone deacetylase inhibitor, HDAC inhibitor, HDAC Agent |
Spanish | inhibidor de desacetilasa de histona (sustancia), inhibidor de desacetilasa de histona, inhibidor de histona desacetilasa, inhibidor de desacetilasa de histona (producto), Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas, Inhibidores de la Histona Desacetilasa |
French | Inhibiteurs de désacétylases d'histones, Inhibiteurs de désacétylases d'histone, Inhibiteurs de désacétylase d'histone, Inhibiteurs d'histone désacétylase, Inhibiteurs d'histone désacétylases, Inhibiteurs de la désacétylase des histones, Inhibiteurs de HDAC |
German | Histondeacetylase-Inhibitoren, Histondeacetylase-Inhibitor, Histondeacetylaseinhibitor, Histondeacetylaseinhibitoren, Histon-Deacetylase-Inhibitor, HDAC-Inhibitoren, Histon-Deacetylase-Inhibitoren |
Italian | Inibitori delle istone deacetilasi |
Portuguese | Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases |
Russian | DEATSETILAZY GISTONOV INGIBITORY, ГИСТОН-ДЕАЦЕТИЛАЗЫ ИНГИБИТОРЫ, GISTON-DEATSETILAZY INGIBITORY, ДЕАЦЕТИЛАЗЫ ГИСТОНОВ ИНГИБИТОРЫ |
Czech | histondeacetylasy - inhibitory, inhibitory HDAC |
Swedish | Histondeacetylashämmare |
Polish | Inhibitory deacetylazy histonów, Inhibitor deacetylazy histonowej, Inhibitory deacetylazy histonowej, Inhibitory HDAC |
Japanese | ヒストン脱アセチル化阻害剤, ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター, ヒストンデアセチラーゼ阻害剤, ヒストン脱アセチル化酵素阻害剤, HDAC阻害剤, ヒストン脱アセチル化酵素阻害薬 |
Croatian | Histon deacetilaza, inhibitori |
Ontology: Antimetabolite Chemotherapy (C1516020)
Definition (NCI) | Treatment of cancer that utilizes antimetabolite substances to disrupt DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis. |
Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
English | Chemotherapy, Antimetabolites, Chemotherapy, Cancer, Antimetabolites, Antimetabolite Chemotherapy |
Ontology: Purine analogs, antimetabolites antineoplastic (C3653380)
Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Nucleic Acid, Nucleoside, or Nucleotide (T114) |
English | Purine analogs, antimetabolites antineoplastic, Purine analogues |