II. Complications: Acute (within minutes to 24 hours)
- See Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
- See Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO)
- See Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR)
- See Allergic Transfusion Reaction
- Immune reaction (observe patient closely for the first 15 minutes of transfusion)
- Transfusion Hemolysis
- Allergic Transfusion Reaction
- Reaction to Antigens in donor's blood, not the Blood Type itself
- Anaphylaxis to Transfusion
- Associated with IgA deficient patients exposed to IgA in donor blood
- Urticaria
- Complication of Massive Transfusion
- Hyperkalemia
- Ammonia toxicity
- Citrate toxicity
- Dilutional Coagulopathy
- Thrombocytopenia
- Secondary Sepsis from Bacterial contamination of Blood Product
- Incidence: 1 per 100,000 transfusions overall (up to 1 in 3000 for Platelet Transfusion)
- Most common organisms are normal skin flora (Staphylococcus and Streptococcus)
- Onset within first 24 hours of transfusion
- Initiate early aggressive management on recognition of Sepsis
- Broad spectrum Antibiotics including Gram Positive, Gram Negative and Pseudomonas coverage
- Intravenous Access Complication
III. Complications: Delayed
- See Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease (TAGVHD)
- Delayed Transfusion Hemolysis (Extravascular Hemolysis due to minor incompatibility)
- Iron Overload (Hemochromatosis)
- Post-transfusion Purpura
IV. Causes: Infection
- Hepatitis B Virus Infection (1 in 350,000)
- Hepatitis C Virus Infection (1 in 1.8 Million)
- Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus 1 or 2 (1 in 2 Million)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1 in 2.3 Million)
- Malaria (rare)
- Babesiosis (rare)
- Pandemic Influenza (rare)
- Human Herpes Virus 8 (rare)
- West Nile Virus (rare)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (rare)
- Syphilis
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Toxoplasmosis
- Brucellosis