II. Physiology: General Protein and Tyrosine Kinases
- Protein Tyrosine Kinase
- Key enzyme in molecular signaling pathway
- Protein kinase, that transfers a phosphate from ATP to a Protein's tyrosine Amino Acid
- Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
III. Physiology: Specific Protein Kinases
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR, HER1, ErbB1)
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
- Angiogenesis signaling Protein (VEGFR 2 and VEGFR 3)
- Binds to VEGF receptors on Tyrosine Kinases to initiate Angiogenesis
- Target in some Targeted Cancer Therapy (e.g. Avastin)
- Other functions
- Monocyte activation and differentiation (VEGFR 1)
- Also used in Age-Related Macular Degeneration as a VEGF Inhibitor Intravitreal Injection
- Angiogenesis signaling Protein (VEGFR 2 and VEGFR 3)
- HER2/neu (erbB-2 Receptor, CD340 Antigen)
- EGFR related Tyrosine Kinase important in Breast Cancer
- Overexpression of HER2/neu may predict worse prognosis and cancer recurrence
- Targeted Cancer Therapy examples include Herceptin and Tykerb
- Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR)
- FGFR2 has 2 isoforms: Mesenchymal (activated by FGF2) and Epithelial (activated by FGF7 and 10)
- Mutations are associated with Craniosynostosis (Apert syndrome, crouzon syndrome)
- FGFR3 regulates chrondrocyte growth and cell differentiation
- Mutations are associated with Achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia as well as neoplasms
- Cancers that may express FGFR Activity
- Urothelial carcinoma
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Ovarian Cancer
- Lung Adenocarcinoma
- FGFR2 has 2 isoforms: Mesenchymal (activated by FGF2) and Epithelial (activated by FGF7 and 10)
- Neurotrophic Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (NTRK ot TRK)
- Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (TRK) is activated by neurotrophic growth factors
- When bound, TRKs are activated, triggering a phosphorylation cascade, then triggering the MAPK pathway
- ROS1 Tyrosine-Protein Kinase
-
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
- CDK4 (Cyclin D1) and CDK6 (Cyclin D3) are Serine-Threonine kinases
- These kinases become unregulated in some tumor types (e.g. Retinoblastoma), resulting in tumor cell growth
- Janus Kinase (JAK) and the JAK/STAT Pathway
- Janus Kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular Tyrosine Kinases that trigger a signaling cascade of Cytokines
- JAK acts on STAT transcription factors, triggering gene transcription related to inflammation
- Janus Kinase (JAK) is named for its Protein's 2 phosphate-Transferring domains
- JAK Inhibitors are used in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Ulcerative Colitis, Polycythemia Vera,
IV. Physiology: Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
- Hedgehog (Hh) family of signaling Proteins
- Key role in human development (as well as many other species, including Drosophila)
- Regulates tissue and organ morphogenesis, as well as stem cell proliferation in adults
- Many cancers involve aberrant activation of the Hh pathway
- Components
- Signal cascade
- Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) family factors bind PTC (patched)
- PTC binding releases SMO (smoothened) as a signal
- SMO activates transcription of target genes via the GLI family of Proteins
V. Physiology: MAPK Pathway
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway
- Mitogen-Activated Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (MEK, MKK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase)
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK)
- Activated by the MAPK pathway, ERK enters the cell nucleus where it phosphorylates targets
- Includes ERK1 and ERK2
- References
VI. Physiology: Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway (PI3K Path, PIK3CA Gene)
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Catalytic Alpha (PIK3CA)
- PIK3CA gene encodes for Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), key to cell growth, development and survival
-
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)
- Growth factors bind and activate PI3K Tyrosine Kinase, triggering synthesis of PIP3 as a secondary messenger
- PIP3 drives many cell processes, including growth, development, apoptosis, adhesion and motility
- References
VII. Physiology: Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway (mTOR Pathway)
- Mammalian Target of RapamycinProtein (mTOR Protein)
- mTOR has multiple associated triggers in pathophysiology
- Cancer formation and Angiogenesis
- Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus
- Adipogenesis
- T-Lymphocyte activation
- Ongoing research into mTOR Inhibitors as anti-aging drugs (see mTOR Inhibitor)
VIII. Physiology: Other Small Molecule Targets (not Protein kinase receptors)
-
General
- Most small molecule agents target Tyrosine Kinase and other Protein receptor kinases
- Several small molecule Chemotherapy targets are not Protein kinases
- Polyadenosine Diphosphate Ribose Polymerase (PARP)
- PARP is a group of enzymes (at least 18) that promote ADP ribose transfer to target Proteins
- PARP enzymes are key to DNA/RNA function (structure, transcription, replication, recombination, and repair)
- DNA repair includes single strand DNA breaks (via base excision repair or BER Pathway)
IX. Resources
- Tyrosine Kinase Receptors (StatPearls)
X. References
- Olson (2020) Clinical Pharmacology, Medmaster, Miami, Fl, p. 130-3
- Paul (2004) Int J Med Sci 1(2):101-15 +PMID: 15912202 [PubMed]
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Related Studies
| Definition (NCI) | Kinases that phosphorylate protein tyrosine residues. These kinases play major roles in mitogenic signalling, and can be divided into two subfamilies: receptor tyrosine kinases, that have an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain; and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, which are soluble, cytoplasmic kinases. (Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology Online) |
| Definition (MSH) | Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D011505 |
| SnomedCT | 43305003 |
| English | Kinase, Protein-Tyrosine, Kinase, Tyrosine, Kinase, Tyrosine Protein, Kinase, Tyrosine-Specific Protein, Kinase, Tyrosylprotein, Protein Kinase, Tyrosine-Specific, Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Tyrosine Kinase, Tyrosine Protein Kinase, Tyrosine Specific Protein Kinase, Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinase, Tyrosylprotein Kinase, protein tyrosine kinase, ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase, Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine, Kinases, Tyrosine Protein, Kinases, Tyrosine-Specific Protein, Protein Kinases, Tyrosine-Specific, Protein Kinases, Tyrosine, Protein Tyrosine Kinases, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Tyrosine Protein Kinases, Tyrosine Specific Protein Kinases, Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases, hydroxyaryl protein kinase, tyrosyl protein kinase, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases [Chemical/Ingredient], ptk, tyrosine kinase, kinases tyrosine, EC 2.7.10, Hydroxyaryl-protein kinase, Protein kinase (tyrosine), Protein-tyrosine kinase, Tyrosylprotein kinase, Protein-tyrosine kinase (substance), PTK |
| Portuguese | Proteínas Tirosina Quinases, Proteinoquinase de Tirosina, Tirosinoquinase, Tirosinoquinases, Proteínas Tirosinoquinases, Tirosina Quinases, Tirosina Quinase, Proteína Tirosina Quinase, Proteína Quinase de Tirosina, Proteína Quinase Específica da Tirosina |
| Spanish | Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas, Tirosina Quinasas, Tirosina Quinasa, Proteína Tirosina Quinasa, hidroxiaril - proteína cinasa, proteína - tirosina cinasa (sustancia), proteína - tirosina cinasa, proteína cinasa (tirosina), tirosilproteína cinasa, Proteína Quinasa de Tirosina Específica, Proteína Quinasa de Tirosina |
| Russian | ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗА, ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗЫ, PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZA, TIROZIN-PROTEINKINAZA, PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZY, TIROZIN-SPETSIFICHESKAIA PROTEINKINAZA, ТИРОЗИНКИНАЗА, TIROZINKINAZA, ТИРОЗИН-ПРОТЕИНКИНАЗА, ТИРОЗИН-СПЕЦИФИЧЕСКАЯ ПРОТЕИНКИНАЗА |
| Italian | Proteina-tirosina chinasi (pl.), Proteina-tirosina chinasi |
| French | Protéines tyrosine-kinase, Protein-tyrosine kinases, Protein-tyrosine kinase, PTK (Protéines Tyrosine Kinase), Protéine-tyrosine kinases, Protéines à activité tyrosine kinase, Hydroxyaryl-protéine kinase, Protéine kinase(tyrosine), Tyrosylprotéine kinase |
| Swedish | Protein-tyrosinkinaser |
| Czech | tyrosinkinasa, protein-tyrosinkinasy, protein-tyrosinkinasa, proteintyrosinkinasa, tyrozinkináza |
| Finnish | Proteiinityrosiinikinaasit |
| Croatian | PROTEIN-TIROZIN KINAZA |
| Polish | Kinaza białkowo-tyrozynowa, Kinazy białkowo-tyrozynowe |
| Japanese | 蛋白質チロシンキナーゼ, チロシンキナーゼ, チロシルプロテインキナーゼ, チロシン特異性蛋白質キナーゼ, チロシン蛋白質キナーゼ, ヒドロキシアリルプロテインキナーゼ, プロテイン-チロシンキナーゼ, チロシン-プロテインキナーゼ |
| German | Protein-Tyrosin-Kinase, Tyrosin-Protein-Kinase, Tyrosinspezifische Proteinkinase |
Ontology: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (C0034802)
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. |
| Definition (NCI) | Epidermal growth factor receptor (1210 aa, ~134 kDa) is encoded by the human EGFR gene. This protein plays a role in cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, cell proliferation and signal transduction. |
| Definition (MSH) | A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell. |
| Concepts | Receptor (T192) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D011958 |
| SnomedCT | 86960007 |
| LNC | LP18396-9, MTHU004296 |
| English | EGF Receptor, Urogastrone Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, TGF-alpha Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, RECEPT EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR, RECEPT TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA, RECEPT EGF, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA RECEPT, ERBB PROTO ONCOGENE PROTEIN 001, C ERBB PROTEIN 001, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPT, EGF RECEPT, RECEPT TGF ALPHA, UROGASTRONE RECEPT, RECEPT UROGASTRONE, TGF ALPHA RECEPTOR, Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor site, Proto-Oncogene Protein, erbB-1, erbB 1 Proto Oncogene Protein, erbB-1 Proto-Oncogene Protein, Receptor, Transforming-Growth Factor alpha, Transforming Growth Factor alpha Receptor, Receptor, TGF alpha, Receptor, TGF-alpha, Receptor, EGF, Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor, Receptor, Urogastrone, Receptors, Epidermal Growth Factor-Urogastrone, Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor [Chemical/Ingredient], Receptors, Epidermal Growth Factor, egf receptors, egfr, epidermal factor growth receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor alpha, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Receptor Tyrosine-Protein Kinase erbB-1, EC 2.7.10.1, Proto-Oncogene c-erbB-1, c erbB 1 Protein, c-erbB-1 Protein, Epidermal growth factor receptor, ErbB1, HER1, Proto oncogene c ErbB 1 Protein, ErbB-1 Receptor, Receptor, ErbB 1, Resceptor Tyrosine-protein Kinase erbB-1, Receptor, ErbB-1, Protein, Proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1, Proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1 Protein, c-ErbB-1 Protein, Proto-oncogene, Resceptor Tyrosine protein Kinase erbB 1, Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor (substance), Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, c-erbB-1, erbB-1, ERBB Protein |
| Swedish | Receptor, epidermal tillväxtfaktor |
| Czech | receptor epidermálního růstového faktoru, EGFR |
| Finnish | Epidermaalisen kasvutekijän reseptori |
| Italian | Chinasi dei recettori del fattore di sviluppo epidermico, Proteina erbB-1 proto-oncogena, Recettore alfa-TGF, Recettore per il fattore trasformante di crescita alfa, Recettori del fattore urogastrone di sviluppo epidermico, Recettore EGF, Proteina tirosina-chinasi dei recettori del fattore di sviluppo epidermico, Proteina c-erbB-1, Recettore urogastrone, Recettori del fattore di sviluppo epidermico |
| Russian | RETSEPTORY EPIDERMAL'NOGO FAKTORA ROSTA-UROGASTRONA, RETSEPTOR EPIDERMAL'NOGO FAKTORA ROSTA, EGF-URO RETSEPTORY, PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZA RETSEPTORA EPIDERMAL'NOGO FAKTORA ROSTA, EGF-RETSEPTORA KINAZA, EPIDERMAL'NOGO FAKTORA ROSTA-UROGASTRONA RETSEPTORY, UROGASTRONA RETSEPTORY, EPIDERMAL'NOGO FAKTORA ROSTA RETSEPTORA PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZA, EPIDERMAL'NOGO FAKTORA ROSTA RETSEPTORY, EGF-URO РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, EGF-РЕЦЕПТОРА КИНАЗА, ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗА РЕЦЕПТОРА ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО ФАКТОРА РОСТА, РЕЦЕПТОРЫ ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО ФАКТОРА РОСТА-УРОГАСТРОНА, РЕЦЕПТОР ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО ФАКТОРА РОСТА, УРОГАСТРОНА РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО ФАКТОРА РОСТА РЕЦЕПТОРА ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗА, ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО ФАКТОРА РОСТА РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, ЭПИДЕРМАЛЬНОГО ФАКТОРА РОСТА-УРОГАСТРОНА РЕЦЕПТОРЫ |
| German | ERBB PROTO ONKOGENPRODUKTE 001, ERBB PROTO ONKOGEN PROTEIN 001, PROTO ONKOGEN PROTEIN C ERBB 001, C ERBB PROTEIN 001, EGF-Rezeptor-Kinase, EGF-URO-Rezeptoren, Epidermale Wachstumsfaktorrezeptor-Kinase, Epidermale Wachstumsfaktorrezeptor-Protein-Tyrosin-Kinase, Rezeptoren, Epidermiswachstumsfaktor-Urogastron-, Transformierender Wachstums-Faktor-Alpha-Rezeptor, EGF-Rezeptor, Epidermale Wachstumsfaktorrezeptor, Rezeptor, EGF-, Rezeptor, TGF-alpha, Rezeptor, Urogastron-, Rezeptor, epidermaler Wachstumsfakor-, Rezeptor, transformierender Wachstumsfaktor Alpha, TGF-alpha-Rezeptor, Urogastronrezeptor, Proto-Onkogen-Protein, c-erbB-1, c-erbB-1-Protein, erbB-1-Proto-Onkogen-Protein, erbB-1-Proto-Onkogenprodukte |
| Croatian | RECEPTOR, EPIDERMALNI ČIMBENIK RASTA, RECEPTOR, EPIDERMALNI FAKTOR RASTA |
| Polish | Receptor kinazy białkowo-tyrozynowej czynnika wzrostu naskórka, Receptory urogastronu, Receptory czynnika wzrostu naskórka-urogastron, Białko proto-onkogenne erbb-1, Receptor naskórkowego czynnika wzrostu, Receptor EGF, Receptor tgf-alfa, Receptor czynnika wzrostu alfa transformującego, Receptor czynnika wzrostu naskórka |
| Japanese | c-erbB-1癌原遺伝子蛋白質, erbB-1癌原遺伝子蛋白質, EGF-URO受容体, EGF-ウロガストロン受容体, EGF受容体, c-erbB-1蛋白質, ウロガストロン受容体, 上皮成長因子ウロガストロン受容体, 上皮成長因子受容体, 受容体-EGF-ウロガストロン, 受容体-EGF, 形質転換成長因子アルファ受容体, EGFレセプター, TGFα受容体, TGFアルファ受容体, 上皮成長因子受容体蛋白質チロシンキナーゼ, 受容体-TGFα, 受容体-ウロガストロン, 受容体-上皮成長因子, 受容体-上皮成長因子ウロガストロン, 癌原遺伝子蛋白質c-erbB-1, 癌原遺伝子蛋白質erbB-1 |
| Portuguese | Proteína Tirosina Quinase Receptora do Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico, Proteína-Tirosina Quinase Receptora do Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico, Proteína c-erbB-1, Proteína do Proto-Oncogene erbB-1, Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico, Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico Proteína-Tirosina Quinase, Receptores de Crescimento Epidérmico Fator Urograstrona, Receptor de TGF-alfa, Receptor de Urogastrona, Receptor do EGF, Receptor do Fator Transformador do Crescimento alfa |
| Spanish | receptor de factor de crecimiento epidérmico - urogastrona (sustancia), receptor de factor de crecimiento epidérmico - urogastrona, Proteína c-erbB-1, Proteína de Protooncogén erbB-1, Receptores de Crecimiento Epidérmico Factor Urogastrona, Receptor del Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico, Proteína-Tirosina Quinasa Receptora de Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico, Receptor de TGF-alfa, Receptor de Urogastrona, Receptor del EGF, Receptor del Factor Transformador de Crecimiento alfa |
| French | EGF, récepteur, Facteur croissance épidermique, récepteur, Protéine proto-oncogène erbB-1, Récepteur facteur croissance épidermique |
Ontology: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (C0060369)
| Definition (NCI) | Family of receptor tyrosine kinases for fibroblast growth factor. Amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution.(On-line Medical Dictionary and RefSeq) |
| Definition (MSH) | Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity. |
| Concepts | Receptor (T192) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D017468 |
| English | FGF Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor, FGF Receptors, Receptors, FGF, Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Receptor, FGF, RECEPT FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR, FGF RECEPT, FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPT, RECEPT FGF, Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor [Chemical/Ingredient], fgfr, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), FGF-R, FGFR, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Family, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors |
| Swedish | Receptorer, fibroblasttillväxtfaktor |
| Czech | receptory fibroblastových růstových faktorů |
| Finnish | Fibroblastikasvutekijäreseptorit |
| Russian | FGF RETSEPTORY, RETSEPTORY, FGF, RETSEPTORY FAKTORA ROSTA FIBROBLASTOV, FIBROBLASTOV FAKTORA ROSTA RETSEPTORY, FGF РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, FGF, РЕЦЕПТОРЫ ФАКТОРА РОСТА ФИБРОБЛАСТОВ, ФИБРОБЛАСТОВ ФАКТОРА РОСТА РЕЦЕПТОРЫ |
| Italian | Recettore FGF, Recettori FGF, Recettore del fattore di crescita dei fibroblasti, Recettori del fattore di crescita dei fibroblasti |
| Polish | Receptory czynnika wzrostu fibroblastów, Receptory FGF |
| Japanese | FGF受容体, 線維芽細胞増殖因子受容体, 受容体-FGF, 線維芽細胞成長因子受容体, 受容体-線維芽細胞増殖因子, 受容体-線維芽細胞成長因子 |
| Spanish | Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos, Receptores de Fcf |
| Portuguese | Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos, Receptores de FGF |
| French | Récepteur facteur croissance fibroblaste |
| German | FGF-Rezeptoren, Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktorrezeptoren, Rezeptoren, FGF-, Rezeptoren, Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktor- |
Ontology: erbB-2 Receptor (C0069515)
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A protein involved in normal cell growth. It is found on some types of cancer cells, including breast and ovarian. Cancer cells removed from the body may be tested for the presence of c-erbB-2 to help decide the best type of treatment. c-erbB-2 is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase. |
| Definition (NCI) | Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (1255 aa, ~138 kDa) is encoded by the human ERBB2 gene. This protein is involved in cell proliferation, tyrosine phosphorylation and signal transduction. |
| Definition (MSH) | A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member. |
| Concepts | Receptor (T192) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D018719 |
| SnomedCT | 44368005 |
| LNC | LP28442-9, MTHU014669 |
| English | Oncogene Protein HER 2, Oncogene Protein HER-2, Proto Oncogene Proteins c erbB 2, Proto-Oncogene Protein p185(neu), Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-erbB-2, p185(c-neu), PROTO ONCOGENE PROTEIN HER 002, PROTO ONCOGENE PROTEIN P 185 NEU, C ERBB PROTEIN 002, ERBB PROTO ONCOGENE PROTEIN 002, ERBB RECEPTOR PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE 002, HER PROTO ONCOGENE PROTEIN 002, c erbB 2 Protein, c-erbB-2 Protein, erbB-2 Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, Proto-Oncogene Protein, erbB-2, erbB 2 Proto Oncogene Protein, erbB-2 Proto-Oncogene Protein, Receptors, erbB 2, Receptors, erbB-2, erbB-2 Receptor, erbB-2 Receptors, HER 2 Proto Oncogene Protein, HER-2 Proto-Oncogene Protein, Proto Oncogene Protein HER 2, Proto-Oncogene Protein HER-2, Proto-Oncogene Protein, HER-2, Proto-Oncogene Protein, neu, neu Proto Oncogene Protein, neu Proto-Oncogene Protein, neu Receptor, Receptor, erbB-2 [Chemical/Ingredient], Receptor, erbB-2, Receptor, neu, her2, neu, neu receptors, erbb2, her-2, erbb-2 receptor, neu receptor, erbB 2 Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Antigen CD340, MLN 19, Receptor Tyrosine-Protein Kinase erbB-2, Proto-Oncogene Neu, Proto-Oncogene c-ErbB-2, CD340, EC 2.7.10.1, Tyrosine Kinase-Type Cell Surface Receptor HER2, p185erbB2, ERBB2 Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, human EGF receptor 2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2/neu, Protein Neu, Proto-oncogene, CD340 Antigens, ErbB-2 Receptor, Neu, Proto-oncogene Protein, Proto oncogene Protein Neu, Metastatic Lymph Node Gene 19 Protein, Proto oncogene c ErbB 2, p185erbB2 Protein, Proto-oncogene c-ErbB-2, Tyrosine Kinase type Cell Surface Receptor HER2, Antigens, CD340, Neu Receptor, c-ErbB-2, Proto-oncogene, Receptor, Neu, Tyrosine Kinase-type Cell Surface Receptor HER2, Antigen, CD340, Receptor, ErbB 2, Proto-oncogene Protein Neu, CD340 Antigen, Receptor, ErbB-2, Protein, p185erbB2, Oncogene protein HER-2/neu, Oncogene protein HER-2/neu (substance), c-erbB-2, HER-2, ERBB2, HER2, NEU |
| Portuguese | Proteína Proto-Oncogênica p185(neu), Proteína c-erbB-2, Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-erbB-2, Proteína Proto-Oncogênica HER-2, Proteína Proto-Oncogênica neu, Receptor erbB-2, Receptor neu, Receptor Proteína Tirosina Quinase erbB-2 |
| Swedish | erbB-2-receptor |
| Czech | P185(c-neu), receptor erbB-2, protein Her-2, receptor neu, protoonkogenní protein erbB-2, protoonkogenní protein neu, protein c-erbB-2 |
| Finnish | ErbB-2-reseptori |
| Russian | PROTOONKOGENNYE BELKI C-ERBB-2, RETSEPTOR ERBB-2, HER-2 PROTOONKOGENNYE BELKI, NEU PROTOONKOGENNYE BELKI, NEU RETSEPTORY, PROTOONKOGENNYE BELKI HER-2, C-ERBB-2 BELKI, RETSEPTORY NEU, ERBB-2 PROTOONKOGENNYE BELKI, PROTOONKOGENNYI BELOK P185(NEU), P185(C-NEU), C-ERBB-2 БЕЛКИ, ERBB-2 ПРОТООНКОГЕННЫЕ БЕЛКИ, HER-2 ПРОТООНКОГЕННЫЕ БЕЛКИ, NEU ПРОТООНКОГЕННЫЕ БЕЛКИ, NEU РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, ПРОТООНКОГЕННЫЕ БЕЛКИ C-ERBB-2, ПРОТООНКОГЕННЫЕ БЕЛКИ HER-2, ПРОТООНКОГЕННЫЙ БЕЛОК P185(NEU), РЕЦЕПТОР ERBB-2, РЕЦЕПТОРЫ NEU |
| German | PROTO ONKOGEN PROTEIN P A 185 NEU, ERBB REZEPTOR PROTEINTYROSINEKINASE 002, PROTO ONKOGEN PROTEINE C ERBB 02, REZEPTOR ERBB 002, C ERBB PROTEIN 002, PROTO ONKOGEN PROTEIN HER 002, HER PROTO ONKOGEN PROTEIN 002, ERBB PROTO ONKOGEN PROTEIN 002, Proto-Onkogen-Protein p185 (neu), Proto-Onkogen-Proteine c-erbB-2, p185(c-neu), HER-2-Proto-Onkogen-Protein, Proto-Onkogen-Protein HER-2, Rezeptor, erbB-2, Rezeptor, neu-, c-erbB-2-Protein, erbB-2-Proto-Onkogen-Protein, erbB-2-Rezeptor Proteintyrosinkinase, neu-Proto-Onkogen-Protein, neu-Rezeptor |
| French | Protéine du proto-oncogène erbB-2, Protéine du proto-oncogène HER-2, Protéine du proto-oncogène c-erbB-2, Protéine du proto-oncogène neu, Protéine c-erbB-2, Protéine proto-oncogène c-erbB-2, Protéine proto-oncogène HER-2, Protéine proto-oncogène neu, Protéine proto-oncogène p185(neu), Récepteur erbB-2, Récepteur neu |
| Croatian | RECEPTOR, ERBB-2 |
| Polish | Białko c-erbb-2, Receptor kinazy białkowo-tyrozynowej erbb-2, Receptor erbB-2, Białko proto-onkogenne neu, Białko proto-onkogenne HER-2, Białka proto-onkogenne c-erbb-2 |
| Japanese | c-erbB-2癌原遺伝子タンパク質, erbB-2癌原遺伝子蛋白質, HER-2プロトオンコジーン蛋白質, c-erbB-2蛋白質, erbB-2プロトオンコジーン蛋白質, neuプロトオンコジーン蛋白質, neu受容体, ノイレセプタ, プロトオンコジーン蛋白質HER-2, プロトオンコジーン蛋白質c-erbB-2, プロトオンコジーン蛋白質p185(neu), 癌原遺伝子蛋白質c-erbB-2, HER-2癌原遺伝子タンパク質, HER-2癌原遺伝子蛋白質, c-erbB-2癌原遺伝子蛋白質, erbB-2受容体, erbB-2受容体チロシンキナーゼ, erbB-2受容体型チロシンキナーゼ, erbB-2受容体蛋白質チロシンキナーゼ, erbB-2癌原遺伝子タンパク質, neu癌原遺伝子タンパク質, neu癌原遺伝子蛋白質, p185(neu)癌原遺伝子タンパク質, p185(neu)癌原遺伝子蛋白質, 受容体-erbB-2, 受容体-neu, 癌原遺伝子タンパク質HER-2, 癌原遺伝子タンパク質c-erbB-2, 癌原遺伝子タンパク質erbB-2, 癌原遺伝子タンパク質neu, 癌原遺伝子タンパク質p185(neu), 癌原遺伝子蛋白質HER-2, 癌原遺伝子蛋白質erbB-2, 癌原遺伝子蛋白質neu, 癌原遺伝子蛋白質p185(neu) |
| Italian | Recettore HER2/ErbB2 |
| Spanish | proteína de oncogén HER - 2/neu (sustancia), proteína de oncogén HER - 2/neu, Receptor erbB-2, Receptor neu, Proteína HER-2 de Protooncogén, Proteína c-erbB-2 de Protooncogén, Proteína c-erbB-2, Proteína de Protooncogén HER-2, Proteína de Protooncogén neu, Proteína p185(neu) de Protooncogén, Receptor Proteína Tirosina Quinasa erbB-2 |
Ontology: tropomyosin kinase (C0077397)
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | C041311 |
| SnomedCT | 130434005 |
| English | tropomyosin kinase, Tropomyosin kinase (substance), Tropomyosin kinase |
| Spanish | tropomiosina cinasa (sustancia), tropomiosina cinasa |
Ontology: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (C0078058)
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. |
| Definition (NCI) | Vascular endothelial growth factor A (232 aa, ~27 kDa) is encoded by the human VEGFA gene. This protein plays a role in both cell proliferation and angiogenesis. |
| Definition (MSH) | The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D042461 |
| German | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF-A, Vasculotropin, VEGF, Vaskulärer Permeabilitätsfaktor, Vaskulärer endothelialer Wachstumsfaktor A, Vaskulärer endothelialer Wachstumsfaktor |
| Swedish | Vaskulär endotelcellstillväxtfaktor A |
| Czech | vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor A, vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor, vaskulární endoteliální růstový faktor-A |
| Finnish | Verisuonten endoteelikasvutekijä A |
| Russian | KROVENOSNYKH SOSUDOV ENDOTELIAL'NYI FAKTOR-A ROSTA, SOSUDISTYI ENDOTELIAL'NYI FAKTOR ROSTA A, KROVENOSNYKH SOSUDOV ENDOTELIAL'NYI FAKTOR ROSTA, KROVENOSNYKH SOSUDOV ENDOTELIAL'NYI FAKTOR ROSTA A, КРОВЕНОСНЫХ СОСУДОВ ЭНДОТЕЛИАЛЬНЫЙ ФАКТОР-A РОСТА, КРОВЕНОСНЫХ СОСУДОВ ЭНДОТЕЛИАЛЬНЫЙ ФАКТОР РОСТА A, КРОВЕНОСНЫХ СОСУДОВ ЭНДОТЕЛИАЛЬНЫЙ ФАКТОР РОСТА, СОСУДИСТЫЙ ЭНДОТЕЛИАЛЬНЫЙ ФАКТОР РОСТА A |
| Italian | VEGF, VEGF-A, Fattore di permeabilità vascolare, Vasculotropina, Fattore di crescita dell'endotelio vascolare, Fattore di crescita dell'endotelio vascolare A |
| English | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A [Chemical/Ingredient], vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), vegf, VEGF, Vasculotropin, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Vascular Permeability Factor, VEGF-A, Permeability Factor, Vascular, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, VPF, VEGF148 |
| Polish | Czynnik wzrostu naczyniowo-śródbłonkowy A, Czynnik wzrostu naczyniowo-śródbłonkowy, Naczyniowo-śródbłonkowy czynnik wzrostu, VEGF |
| Croatian | VASKULARNI ENDOTEL, FAKTOR RASTA A |
| Japanese | 血管内皮成長因子A, 血管内皮増殖因子A |
| French | Facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire, Facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire, Facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire A, Facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire de type A, Facteur de perméabilité vasculaire, Vasculotropine, VEGF-A, VEGF, Facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire A, Facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire de type A |
| Portuguese | Fator-A de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular, Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular, Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular, Fator-A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular, Fator de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular |
| Spanish | Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular, Factor-A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular, Factor de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular |
Ontology: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases (C0169101)
| Definition (NCI) | A family of dual-specific protein kinases that are activated through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K, MAPKKK) proteins and can subsequently phosphorylate and activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). |
| Definition (MSH) | A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D020929 |
| English | MAP kinase kinase, MAPKK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Kinase Kinase, Map, Kinase Kinases, MAP, Kinase, Map Kinase, Kinases, MAP Kinase, MAP Kinase Kinases, Map Kinase Kinase, Kinases, MAPK, MAPK Kinases, MAPKKs, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases [Chemical/Ingredient], Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase, MKK, MEK, MAP Kinase Kinase, MAP2K, MEK1, MAPKK1, MEK2 |
| Swedish | Mitogenaktiverade proteinkinaskinaser |
| Czech | mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy kinas, MAPK kinasy, MAPKKs, MAP kinasy kinas |
| Finnish | Mitogeeniaktivoidut proteiinikinaasikinaasit |
| Russian | MAP-KINAZ KINAZY, MITOGEN-AKTIVIROVANNYKH PROTEINKINAZ KINAZY, МАП-КИНАЗ КИНАЗЫ, МИТОГЕН-АКТИВИРОВАННЫХ ПРОТЕИНКИНАЗ КИНАЗЫ |
| Japanese | MAPキナーゼキナーゼ, MAPK-ERKキナーゼ, MAPKキナーゼ, マイトジェン活性化プロテインキナーゼキナーゼ |
| French | MAPKK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, MAP-kinase-kinases, MAPK-kinases |
| Italian | MAPKKs, MAP chinasi chinasi, Chinasi della proteinchinasi attivata da mitogeni, MAPK chinasi, MAPKK |
| Polish | Kinazy kinaz białkowych aktywowanych mitogenem, MapKKs |
| Spanish | Quinasas de Proteína Quinasa Activadas por Mitógeno, PAMQQS, Quinasas QPAM, Quinasas Quinasa PAM, Quinasas de Proteína Quinasa Mitógeno Activadas |
| German | MAP-Kinase-Kinasen, MAPK-Kinasen, MAPKKs, Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase-Kinasen |
| Portuguese | MAPKKs, MAPK Quinases, MAP Quinase Quinases, Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno |
Ontology: Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (C0206364)
| Definition (NCI) | A class of membrane receptors that contain protein tyrosine kinase activity. This enzymatic activity is integral to the function of the receptor as a signal transducer; the phosphorylation event alters the functional activity of its protein substrate. |
| Definition (MSH) | A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity. |
| Concepts | Receptor (T192) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D020794 |
| English | Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, RPTK, TYROSINE KINASE RECEPT, PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE RECEPT, TYROSINE KINASE LINKED RECEPT, PTK RECEPT, RECEPT PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE, Tyrosine Kinase Linked Receptors, Kinase, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine, Kinases, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine, Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Receptor, Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Receptors, Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, Receptor, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Receptor, Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases, Receptor, Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, Receptors, Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Receptors, Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, Tyrosine Kinase Receptors, PTK Receptors, Receptors, PTK, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases [Chemical/Ingredient], receptor tyrosine kinase, kinases receptor tyrosine, kinase receptor tyrosine, EC 2.7.10.1, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase, RTK, Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase, Transmembrane Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Tyrosine Kinase Growth Factor Receptor |
| Swedish | Receptorprotein-tyrosinkinaser |
| Finnish | Reseptorin proteiini-tyrosiinikinaasit |
| Russian | RETSEPTORY PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZY, RETSEPTORNYE PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZY, PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZA RETSEPTORNAIA, PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZY RETSEPTORNYE, RETSEPTORNAIA PROTEIN-TIROZIN-KINAZA, TIROZINKINAZY RETSEPTORY, TIROZINKINAZA RETSEPTORNAIA, ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗА РЕЦЕПТОРНАЯ, ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗЫ РЕЦЕПТОРНЫЕ, РЕЦЕПТОРНАЯ ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗА, РЕЦЕПТОРНЫЕ ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗЫ, РЕЦЕПТОРЫ ПРОТЕИН-ТИРОЗИН-КИНАЗЫ, ТИРОЗИНКИНАЗА РЕЦЕПТОРНАЯ, ТИРОЗИНКИНАЗЫ РЕЦЕПТОРЫ |
| Czech | receptory s protein-tyrosinkinasovou aktivitou |
| French | Protéines tyrosine kinases réceptrices, Protéine-tyrosine kinases réceptrices, Récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase, Récepteurs à tyrosine kinase, Récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, RTK (Récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase), Récepteur RTK, Récepteur protéine-tyrosine kinase, Récepteurs tyrosine kinase |
| Italian | Recettori PTK, Recettori protein-tirosina chinasi, Recettori tirosin-chinasici, Recettori tirosina chinasi, Recettore protein-tirosina chinasi |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases] |
| Polish | Kinazy receptora białkowo-tyrozynowego |
| Japanese | 受容体-蛋白質チロシンキナーゼ, 受容体型プロテイン-チロシンキナーゼ, 受容体キナーゼ, チロシンキナーゼ受容体, チロシンキナーゼ結合受容体, プロテイン-チロシンキナーゼ受容体, 受容体-チロシンキナーゼ, 受容体-チロシンキナーゼ結合, 受容体-プロテインチロシンキナーゼ, 受容体タンパク質チロシンキナーゼ, 受容体チロシンキナーゼ, 受容体プロテインチロシンキナーゼ, 受容体型チロシンキナーゼ, 受容体蛋白質チロシンキナーゼ, 蛋白質チロシンキナーゼ受容体 |
| Spanish | Receptores Ligados a Tirosinas Quinasas, Receptores Enlazados a Tirosinas Quinasas, Receptores Tirosinas Quinasas, Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras |
| Portuguese | Receptores Ligados a Tirosinoquinase, Receptores Ligados a Tirosina Quinases, Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases, Receptores Tirosinas Quinases |
| German | Rezeptorprotein-Tyrosin-Kinase, Rezeptoren, Protein-Tyrosin-Kinase, Rezeptorprotein-Tyrosin-Kinasen, Tyrosin-Kinase-Rezeptoren, Tyrosin-Kinase-gebundene Rezeptoren |
Ontology: Janus kinase (C0597721)
| Definition (CSP) | nonEC; family of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases. |
| Definition (MSH) | A family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling cascade of cytokines by associating with specific CYTOKINE RECEPTORS. They act upon STAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS in signaling pathway referred to as the JAK/STAT pathway. The name Janus kinase refers to the fact the proteins have two phosphate-transferring domains. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D053612 |
| English | JAK Kinases, Janus Kinases, Kinases, JAK, Kinases, Janus, JAK kinase, Janus kinase, Janus Kinases [Chemical/Ingredient] |
| Portuguese | Janus Quinases, Janus-Quinases, Quinases Janus |
| Spanish | Quinasas Janus, Janus-Cinasas, Janus Quinasas, Cinasas Janus, Janus Cinasas, Janus-Quinasas |
| Russian | JANUS-КИНАЗЫ, ЯНУС-КИНАЗЫ, JANUS-KINAZY, IANUS-KINAZY |
| Italian | Chinasi Giano, Jak chinasi |
| German | JAK-Kinasen, Janus-Kinasen |
| French | Janus kinases, Tyrosine-kinases JAK, Tyrosine kinases JAK, JAK Kinases, Kinases JAK, Protéines tyrosine kinases JAK |
| Finnish | Janus-kinaasit |
| Czech | kinasy JAK, Janus kinasy, JAK kinasy |
| Japanese | ヤヌスキナーゼ |
| Swedish | Januskinaser |
| Polish | Kinazy JAK |
| Croatian | JANUS KINAZE, JAK |
Ontology: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (C0752312)
| Definition (MSH) | A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES). |
| Definition (NCI) | Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli and encoded by a multigene family. The MAPKs are part of complex protein kinase cascades. One of the several classes of MAPKs includes (among other ERKs) the extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 (p44MAPK) and ERK2 (p42MAPK), activated by the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. ERK1/2 are widely involved in eukaryotic signal transduction. Upon activation, ERKs translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate nuclear targets. Phosphorylated ERKs form essential dimers with phosphorylated and unphosphorylated ERK partners. Dimerization is part of the mechanism of MAP kinase family action. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) promote entry in the cell cycle. (from OMIM 601795, 176948, Swiss-Prot P27361, P28482 and NCI) |
| Definition (CSP) | nonEC; family of protein kinases; mediate intracellular phosphorylation events that link receptor activation to the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D020928 |
| LNC | LP36349-6 |
| French | Protéines kinases activées par des mitogènes, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, MAP kinases, Protéine-kinases activées par les mitogènes, Protéines kinases activées par des agents mitogènes, Protéines kinases activées par des facteurs mitogènes, Protéines kinases activées par les mitogènes, Kinases activées par des agents mitogènes, Kinases activées par les mitogènes, MAPK, Protéine-kinases activées par des facteurs mitogènes |
| Swedish | Mitogenaktiverade proteinkinaser |
| English | mitogen activated protein kinase, MAP kinase, Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases [Chemical/Ingredient], mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), map kinase, mapk, Mitogen-activated protein kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, MAPK, ERK, Map Kinase, EC 2.7.2- |
| Czech | mitogenem aktivované proteinkinasy |
| Finnish | Mitogeeniaktivoidut proteiinikinaasit |
| Russian | VNEKLETOCHNYE SIGNAL-REGULIRUEMYE KINAZY, MITOGEN-AKTIVIROVANNYE PROTEINKINAZY, ВНЕКЛЕТОЧНЫЕ СИГНАЛ-РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫЕ КИНАЗЫ, МИТОГЕН-АКТИВИРОВАННЫЕ ПРОТЕИНКИНАЗЫ |
| Italian | Proteinchinasi attivate da mitogeni |
| Polish | Kinazy kontrolujące sygnał zewnątrzkomórkowy, Kinazy map, Kinazy białkowe aktywowane mitogenem |
| Spanish | Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógeno, Proteínas Quinasas Mitógeno Activadas |
| German | MAP-Kinasen, Mitogenaktivierte Proteinkinasen |
| Portuguese | Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno |
Ontology: polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (C0920634)
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| English | polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase |
Ontology: Hedgehog Signaling Pathway (C1155468)
| Definition (GO) | A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. [GOC:mah, PMID:15205520] |
| Definition (NCI_KEGG) | The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted signaling proteins plays a crucial role in development of diverse animal phyla, from Drosophila to humans, regulating morphogenesis of a variety of tissues and organs. Hh signaling is also involved in control of stem cell proliferation in adult tissues and aberrant activation of the Hh pathway has been linked to multiple types of human cancer. Members of the Hh family bind to patched (ptc), thus releasing smoothened (smo) to transduce a signal. Transcriptional activation occurs through the GLI family of proteins resulting in activation of target genes. |
| Concepts | Molecular Function (T044) |
| English | smoothened signalling pathway, hedgehog signaling pathway, smoothened signaling pathway, Hedgehog Signaling Pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathway |
Ontology: ROS1 protein, human (C1310668)
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | C062333 |
| English | ROS1 protein, human, v-ros UR2 sarcoma virus oncogene homolog 1 (avian), human, c-ros-1 protein, human, proto-oncogene protein gp280(ros1), human, proto-oncogene protein ros, human |
Ontology: PIK3CA protein, human (C1451005)
| Definition (NCI) | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (1068 aa, ~124 kDa) is encoded by the human PIK3CA gene. This protein plays a role in signaling pathways underlying the regulation of apoptosis, cell growth, and angiogenesis. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | C484760 |
| English | PI3K-Alpha, PtdIns-3-Kinase Subunit p110-Alpha, p110alpha, Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase PIK3CA, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Catalytic, Alpha, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha Isoform, PtdIns-3-Kinase Subunit Alpha, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase 110 kDa Catalytic Subunit Alpha, EC 2.7.11.1, PI3-Kinase Subunit Alpha, PI3Kalpha, Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Catalytic Alpha Polypeptide, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide, human, PI3K, EC 2.7.1.153, PI3-Kinase P110 Subunit Alpha, PIK3CA, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Catalytic, 110-kD, Alpha, Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit, Alpha Isoform, PtdIns-3-Kinase p110, p110-Alpha, PIK3CA protein, human |
Ontology: human epidermal growth factor (C1509244)
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| English | Epidermal Growth Factor, Human, HUMAN EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR, human epidermal growth factor, NEPIDERMIN |
Ontology: MAPK Signaling Pathway (C1518102)
| Definition (NCI_KEGG) | The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved module that is involved in various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3), p38 proteins (p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta) and ERK5, that are activated by specific MAPKKs: MEK1/2 for ERK1/2, MKK3/6 for the p38, MKK4/7 (JNKK1/2) for the JNKs, and MEK5 for ERK5. Each MAPKK, however, can be activated by more than one MAPKKK, increasing the complexity and diversity of MAPK signalling. Presumably each MAPKKK confers responsiveness to distinct stimuli. For example, activation of ERK1/2 by growth factors depends on the MAPKKK c-Raf, but other MAPKKKs may activate ERK1/2 in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. |
| Concepts | Cell Function (T043) |
| English | MAPK Signaling Pathway |
Ontology: Trka Receptor Signaling Pathway (C1519656)
| Definition (NCI_BioC) | Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that stimulates neuronal survival and growth through TrkA, a member of the trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors that also includes TrkB and TrkC. Some NGF responses are also mediated or modified by p75LNTR, a low affinity neurotrophin receptor. Binding of NGF to TrkA stimulates neuronal survival, and also proliferation. Pathways coupled to these responses are linked to TrkA through association of signaling factors with specific amino acids in the TrkA cytoplasmic domain. Cell survival through inhibition of apoptosis is signaled through activation of PI3-kinase and AKT. Ras-mediated signaling and phospholipase C both activate the MAP kinase pathway to stimulate proliferation. |
| Concepts | Molecular Function (T044) |
| English | Trka Receptor Signaling Pathway |
