Metabolic Syndrome

Aka: Metabolic Syndrome, Metabolic Syndrome X, Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Impaired Fasting Glucose, Insulin Resistance, Glucose Intolerance, Prediabetes, Prediabetic, Diabetes Risk Factors

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II. Definitions

  1. Prediabetes (Impaired Fasting Glucose, Impaired Glucose Tolerance)
    1. Inadequate Carbohydrate Metabolism to process intake, but not meeting Diabetes Mellitus criteria
  2. Insulin Resistance
    1. Insulin with decreased effectiveness in lowering Blood Sugar levels
  3. Metabolic Syndrome
    1. Collection of multiple metabolic risk factors
      1. Risks include abdominal Obesity, sedentary, Family History, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension
    2. Associated with Insulin Resistance, prothrombotic and proinflammatory states
      1. Increased risk of Diabetes Mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CAD, CVA)

III. Epidemiology

  1. Prevalence in U.S. of Metabolic Syndrome or Prediabetes
    1. Total estimated at 86 million
    2. Affects 33% of adults and 4% of teens (90% of adults are unaware of diagnosis)

IV. Pathophysiology

  1. Diminished Insulin response results in hyperinsulinemia
    1. Fewer Insulin receptors on cells
    2. Less Glucose transporter (Glut 4) in cells
  2. Hyperinsulinemia predisposes to cardiovascular disease
  3. Precursor to Type II Diabetes Mellitus

V. Risk Factors

  1. Strong Family History of Diabetes Mellitus
  2. Prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Fetal Macrosomia
  3. Metabolic Syndrome associated conditions (see below)
  4. Obesity
    1. Body Mass Index 30 kg/m2 or higher
    2. Waist to hip ratio increased
      1. Men: 1.0 or higher
      2. Women: 0.8 or higher
    3. Waist Circumference
      1. Men: >40 inches or 102 cm
      2. Women: >35 inches or 88 cm
  5. High Risk Ethnic Groups
    1. African American
    2. Latino
    3. Native American
    4. Asian American
    5. Pacific Islander

VI. Diagnosis: Metabolic Syndrome - Three or more conditions below

  1. Insulin Resistance (see labs below)
  2. Hypertension (Blood Pressure 130/85 or higher)
    1. Seen in up to 40% of Metabolic Syndrome patients
  3. Hyperlipidemia (see labs below)
  4. Coronary Artery Disease
  5. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
  6. Acanthosis Nigricans
  7. HAIR-AN Syndrome
  8. Abdominal Obesity
    1. Men with Waist Circumference >40 inches or 102 cm
    2. Women with Waist Circumference >35 inches or 88 cm

VII. Labs: Screening Indications (repeat every 3 years)

  1. See Risk Factors above
  2. Age over 35 years and Body Mass Index >25 kg/m2 (>23 kg/m2 in asian patients)
  3. Family History of Diabetes Mellitus or high risk ethnic group (see above)
  4. Prior history of Gestational Diabetes
  5. HDL Cholesterol <35 mg/dl
  6. Serum Triglycerides >250 mg/dl
  7. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
  8. Hypertension
  9. Overweight Teens (Puberty or over age 10 years old) with at least one other risk (e.g. diabetes Family History)

VIII. Labs: Diagnosis

  1. Impaired Glucose Metabolism Criteria
    1. Hemoglobin A1C 5.7 to 6.4%
    2. Fasting Glucose: 100 to 125 mg/dl
      1. Known as Impaired Fasting Glucose
      2. New guidelines suggest bottom cut-off of 100 mg/dl
      3. Metabolic Syndrome defined as 110 mg/dl or higher
    3. Two hour Glucose Tolerance Test (75 g): 140-199 mg/dl
      1. Known as Impaired Glucose Tolerance
  2. Lipid Profile
    1. Serum Triglycerides >150 mg/dl
    2. Serum Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) increased
    3. Serum HDL Cholesterol decreased
      1. Men <40 mg/dl
      2. Women <50 mg/dl
  3. Best lab markers for Insulin Resistance
    1. Plasma Insulin level (or Glucose to Insulin Ratio)
    2. Plasma Triglyceride levels
    3. Triglyceride to HDL ratio
    4. McLaughlin (2003) Ann Intern Med 139:802-9 [PubMed]

IX. Management: Prevention of progression to Diabetes

  1. Key goals: 7% weight loss and 150 min/week Exercise
    1. Consider referral to intensive lifestyle intervention program
      1. Example: National Diabetes Prevention Program
        1. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention/index.html
      2. May delay type 2 diabetes by 4 years and decrease overall diabetes Incidence 34% in 10 years
        1. Knowler (2009) Lancet 374(9702):1677-86 [PubMed]
    2. Weight Reduction of 5-10% (if Overweight)
      1. Lose 7% of body weight
    3. Moderate aerobic Exercise for 30 minutes every day
      1. Example: Brisk walking for total of 150 min/week
      2. Encourage 60 minutes of Physical Activity in children and teens per day (and less Screen Time)
  2. Decreased Caloric Intake
    1. See Healthy Eating Plate
    2. Consider Mediterranean Diet, DASH Diet or Plant Forward or Vegetarian Diet
    3. Keep fat intake <30% with saturated fat <10%
    4. Salad, vegetables, fruits
    5. Whole grains and legumes
    6. Fish high in Omega-3 Fatty Acids and lean meats
    7. Reduce intake of Simple Sugars
  3. Foods associated with improved Insulin sensitivity
    1. Dietary Fiber
      1. Increase to15 gram per 1000 calories
    2. Coffee
      1. Salazar-Martinez (2004) Ann Intern Med 140:1-8 [PubMed]
      2. Tuomilehto (2004) JAMA 291:1213-9 [PubMed]
    3. Cinnamon (1/2 teaspoon per day)
      1. Studies used 1-3 g/day of cassia cinnamon (chinese cinnamon, C. aromaticum, C. cassia)
      2. Appears to have Insulin-like activity, may increase Insulin sensitivity and may improve lipid profile
      3. May decrease Fasting Glucose by up to 25 mg/dl
      4. (2017) Presc Lett 24(12): 71
      5. Costello (2016) J Acad Nutr Diet 116(11):1794-1802 [PubMed]
      6. Khan (2003) Diabetes Care 26(12):3215-8 +PMID:14633804 [PubMed]
    4. Moderate Alcohol consumption
      1. Howard (2004) Ann Intern Med 140:211-9 [PubMed]
  4. Consider pharmacologic agents for Glucose control
    1. Indications
      1. Hemoglobin A1C >5.7% despite 3-6 months of lifestyle changes
      2. Factors with greatest benefit for Metformin addition to lifestyle changes
        1. Body Mass Index >35 kg/m2
        2. Age <60 years old
        3. High Fasting Glucose or Hemoglobin A1C
        4. Gestational Diabetes history
        5. Madsen (2019) Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12): CD008558 [PubMed]
    2. First-line (preferred)
      1. Metformin (Glucophage)
        1. Initial: 500 mg Glucophage XR orally daily
        2. Next: 1000 mg Glucophage XR orally daily (indicated if Hemoglobin A1C>5.7% after 3 months)
        3. Hostalek (2015) Drugs 75(10): 1071-94 +PMID:26059289 [PubMed]
    3. Second-line (indicated if Glucophage contraindicated or not tolerated)
      1. Pioglitazone (Actos)
      2. Acarbose (Precose)
      3. GLP1 Agonist (e.g. Ozempic)

X. Management: Cardiac Risk Management

  1. Same as Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease
  2. Tobacco Cessation!
  3. Aspirin 81 mg orally daily
  4. Hyperlipidemia
    1. LDL Cholesterol <100 mg/dl
    2. HDL Cholesterol >40 mg/dl (50 mg/dl in women)
    3. Triglycerides <150 mg/dl
    4. Statins are preferred agents
      1. Sowers (2003) Am J Cardiol 91:14B-22B [PubMed]
  5. Hypertension
    1. Goal Blood Pressure < 125/75 mmhg
    2. Consider ACE Inhibitor or Angiotensin Blocker

XI. Course

  1. Metabolic Syndrome or Prediabetes is high risk for progression to Type II Diabetes Mellitus
    1. Up to 15-30% of Prediabetes patients will develop Diabetes Mellitus within 5 years
    2. However, with sustained lifestyle change, 27 to 43% avoid Diabetes Mellitus diagnosis in the longterm
  2. Older adults (mean 75 years old) with Prediabetes do not progress to diabetes in 90% of cases over 6.5 years
    1. Rooney (2021) JAMA Intern Med 181(4):511-19 [PubMed]
  3. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)
    1. Basic diet and Exercise: 11% develop diabetes per year
      1. Diet, Exercise, and weight loss maintained for 3 years prevents Diabetes Mellitus (NNT 7)
    2. Metformin
      1. Metformin 850 twice daily with diet and Exercise: 7.8% develop DM per year
      2. Metformin maintained for 3 years prevents Diabetes Mellitus (NNT 14)
    3. Intensive diet, Exercise: 4.8% develop diabetes per year
      1. Classes and coaches
      2. Weight Reduction of 7%
  4. Reference
    1. (1999) Diabetes Care 22:623-34 [PubMed]

XII. Resources

  1. CDC Prediabetes Basics
    1. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention-type-2/prediabetes-prevent-type-2.html

XIII. References

  1. (2021) Presc Lett 28(3): 16-7
  2. Koenigsberg (2017) Am Fam Physician 96(6):362-70 [PubMed]
  3. (2021) Diabetes Care 44(suppl 1): S34-9 +PMID: 33298414 [PubMed]
  4. (2015) Diabetes Care 38(suppl):S4 +PMID:25537706 [PubMed]
  5. (1997) Diabetes Care 21:310-4 [PubMed]
  6. (2001) JAMA 285:2486-97 [PubMed]
  7. (2002) N Engl J Med 346:393-403 [PubMed]
  8. (2006) Lancet 368:1096-105 [PubMed]
  9. Goutham (2001) Am Fam Physician 63(6): 1159-66 [PubMed]
  10. Scott (2003) Am J Cardiol 92(2 suppl):35i-42i [PubMed]

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Related Studies

Ontology: Insulin Resistance (C0021655)

Definition (MSH) Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.
Definition (NCI) Decreased sensitivity to circulating insulin which may result in acanthosis nigicrans, elevated insulin level or hyperglycemia.
Concepts Pathologic Function (T046)
MSH D007333
SnomedCT 48606007
English Resistance, Insulin, Insulin Resistance [Disease/Finding], insulin resistance (diagnosis), Drug resistance to insulin, Insulin resistance, Drug resistance to insulin (disorder), Insulin Resistance, insulin resistance
Italian Insulino-resistenza, Resistenza all'insulina
Japanese インスリン抵抗性, ｲﾝｽﾘﾝﾃｲｺｳｾｲ
Swedish Insulinresistens
Finnish Insuliiniresistenssi
Russian INSULINOREZISTENTNOST', ИНСУЛИНОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТЬ
Czech Inzulinová rezistence, inzulinová rezistence, insulin - rezistence, inzulínová rezistence
Spanish resistencia a la insulina, resistencia a la insulina (trastorno), resistencia a la insulina de causa farmacológica, resistencia a la insulina de causa farmacológica (trastorno), Resistencia a la insulina, Resistencia a la Insulina
Croatian INZULINSKA REZISTENCIJA
Polish Oporność na insulinę, Insulinooporność
Hungarian Insulin resistentia
Norwegian Insulinresistens
Portuguese Insulinorresistência, Resistência à Insulina
Dutch insulineresistentie, Insulineresistentie, Resistentie, insuline-
French Insulinorésistance, Insulino-résistance, Résistance à l'insuline
German Insulinresistenz
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Impaired glucose tolerance (C0271650)

Definition (NCI) A condition referring to fasting plasma glucose levels being less than 140 mg per deciliter while the plasma glucose levels after a glucose tolerance test being more than 200 mg per deciliter at 30, 60, or 90 minutes. It is observed in patients with diabetes mellitus. Other causes include immune disorders, genetic syndromes, and cirrhosis.
Definition (NCI_CTCAE) A disorder characterized by an inability to properly metabolize glucose.
Definition (MSH) A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D018149
ICD10 R73.09
SnomedCT 190752008, 154720005, 267426009, 9414007
English Glucose Intolerance, Glucose Intolerances, Intolerances, Glucose, Intolerance, Glucose, Glucose intolerance, IGT - Impair glucose tolerance, glucose intolerance (diagnosis), glucose intolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance (diagnosis), prediabetes, Glucose tolerance impaired, Impaired glucose tolerance, Glucose Intolerance [Disease/Finding], chemicals diabetes, chemical diabetes, glucose impaired tolerance, Intolerance;glucose, malabsorption of glucose, diabetes chemical, latent diabetes, glucose malabsorption, Glucose: [intolerance] or [malabsorption] (disorder), Glucose: [intolerance] or [malabsorption], Chemical diabetes, Latent diabetes, Prediabetic nonclinical diabetes, IGT - Impaired glucose tolerance, Malabsorption of glucose, Impaired glucose tolerance (disorder), Malabsorption of glucose (disorder), chemicals; diabetes, diabetes; chemical, diabetes; latent, glucose; intolerance, glucose; malabsorption, intolerance; glucose, latent; diabetes, malabsorption; glucose, Impaired glucose tolerance, NOS, Impaired;glucose tolerance
Italian Tolleranza al glucosio alterata, Diabete chimico, Diabete latente, Intolleranza al glucosio
Dutch chemische diabetes, latente diabetes, glucose-intolerantie, chemisch; diabetes, diabetes; chemisch, diabetes; latent, glucose; intolerantie, glucose; malabsorptie, intolerantie; glucose, latent; diabetes, malabsorptie; glucose, glucosetolerantie aangetast, Glucose-intolerantie, Intolerantie, glucose-
French Diabète latent, Diabète chimique, Intolérance au glucose
German chemischer Diabetes, latenter Diabetes, eingeschraenkte Glukosetoleranz, Glukoseintoleranz
Portuguese Intolerância à glucose, Diabetes química, Diabetes latente, Tolerância à glucose alterada, Intolerância à Glucose
Spanish Diabetes química, Intolerancia a la glucosa, Diabetes latente, diabetes latente, diabetes química, mala absorción de glucosa (trastorno), mala absorción de glucosa, seudodiabetes, trastorno de la tolerancia a la glucosa (trastorno), trastorno de la tolerancia a la glucosa, Alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa, Intolerancia a la Glucosa
Japanese 化学的糖尿病, 耐糖能障害, 潜在性糖尿病, ブドウ糖不耐性, ﾀｲﾄｳﾉｳｼｮｳｶﾞｲ, ｾﾝｻﾞｲｾｲﾄｳﾆｮｳﾋﾞｮｳ, ﾌﾞﾄﾞｳﾄｳﾌﾀｲｾｲ, ｶｶﾞｸﾃｷﾄｳﾆｮｳﾋﾞｮｳ
Swedish Glukosintolerans
Finnish Glukoosi-intoleranssi
Russian GLIUKOZY NEPERENOSIMOST', ГЛЮКОЗЫ НЕПЕРЕНОСИМОСТЬ
Czech Intolerance glukózy, Latentní diabetes, Porušená glukózová tolerance, Chemický diabetes, glukosa - tolerance porušená, glukózová intolerance, porucha glukózové tolerance, porušená glukózová tolerance, poruchy glukózové tolerance
Croatian GLUKOZA, INTOLERANCIJA
Polish Nietolerancja glukozy
Hungarian Glucose intolerantia, Latens diabetes, Kémiai diabetes, Csökkent glucose tolerancia
Norwegian Glukoseintoleranse
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Prediabetes syndrome (C0362046)

Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

Prediabetes means you have blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Too much glucose in your blood can damage your body over time. If you have prediabetes, you are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

Most people with prediabetes don't have any symptoms. Your doctor can test your blood to find out if your blood glucose levels are higher than normal. If you are 45 years old or older, your doctor may recommend that you be tested for prediabetes, especially if you are overweight.

Losing weight - at least 5 to 10 percent of your starting weight - can prevent or delay diabetes or even reverse prediabetes. That's 10 to 20 pounds for someone who weighs 200 pounds. You can lose weight by cutting down on the amount of calories and fat you eat and being physically active at least 30 minutes a day. Being physically active makes your body's insulin work better. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine to help control the amount of glucose in your blood.

NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Definition (MSH) The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).
Definition (CSP) state of latent impairment of carbohydrate metabolism in which the criteria for diabetes mellitus are not all satisfied; sometimes controllable by diet alone; called also impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose.
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D011236
ICD10 R73.09
SnomedCT 15777000, 9414007
English Prediabetic State, Prediabetic States, State, Prediabetic, States, Prediabetic, prediabetic state, [D]Prediabetes, Pre-diabetes, Pre-diabetic, Prediabetic State [Disease/Finding], prediabetes, Pre diabetes, pre diabetics, pre diabetic, pre-diabetes, pre-diabetic, Prediabetes (disorder), Prediabetic state, Prediabetes syndrome, Prediabetes, Pre-diabetes NOS, pre diabetes
Dutch prediabetisch, prediabetes, Prediabetes, Prediabetische toestand, Toestand, prediabetische
French Prediabétique, Prediabète, État prédiabétique, Prédiabète
German Prae-Diabetes, prae-diabetisch, Prädiabetischer Zustand
Italian Pre-diabetico, Pre-diabete, Prediabete, Stato prediabetico
Portuguese Pré-diabietes, Pré-diabético, Pré-diabetes, Diabetes Pré-Clínico, Estado Pré-Diabético, Pré-Diabetes
Spanish Prediabético, prediabetes (concepto no activo), prediabetes, Diabetes Preclínica, Prediabetes, Estado Prediabético
Japanese 前糖尿病性, ﾄｳﾆｮｳﾋﾞｮｳｾﾞﾝｼｮｳ, ｾﾞﾝﾄｳﾆｮｳﾋﾞｮｳｾｲ, 前糖尿病, 前糖尿病状態, 糖尿病前症
Swedish Prediabetisk fas
Czech prediabetes, Latentní diabetes, Prediabetes
Finnish Latentti diabetes
Russian PREDDIABETICHESKOE SOSTOIANIE, ПРЕДДИАБЕТИЧЕСКОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ
Polish Stan przedcukrzycowy
Hungarian Prediabeteses, Prediabetes
Norwegian Prediabetisk tilstand, Prediabetisk fase, Prediabetes
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Metabolic Syndrome X (C0524620)

Definition (HL7V3.0) <p>A collection of metabolic risk factors in one individual. The root causes of metabolic syndrome are overweight / obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic factors. Various risk factors have been included in metabolic syndrome. Factors generally accepted as being characteristic of this syndrome include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure, insulin resistence with or without glucose intolerance, prothrombotic state, and proinflammatory state.</p>
Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that put you at risk for heart disease and diabetes. These conditions are

Not all doctors agree on the definition or cause of metabolic syndrome. The cause might be insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone your body produces to help you turn sugar from food into energy for your body. If you are insulin resistant, too much sugar builds up in your blood, setting the stage for disease.

NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Definition (NCI) A combination of medical conditions that, when present, increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. It includes the following medical conditions: increased blood pressure, central obesity, abnormal cholesterol levels, and elevated fasting glucose.
Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) A condition is marked by extra fat around the abdomen, high levels of blood glucose (sugar) when not eating, high levels of triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood, low levels of high-density lipoproteins (a type of protein that carries fats) in the blood, and high blood pressure. People with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus and diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
Definition (CSP) a multifaceted syndrome characterized by clustering of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, associated with dyslipidemia, essential hypertension, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Definition (MSH) A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D024821
ICD9 277.7
ICD10 E88.81
SnomedCT 237602007, 190394009
HL7 metabolicSyndrome
LNC LP64993-6, MTHU026653
Italian Sindrome metabolica, Sindrome X metabolica, Sindrome metabolica cardiovascolare, Sindrome dismetabolica X, Sindrome X di Reaven, Sindrome X da insulino-resistenza, Sindrome metabolica X
English Reaven Syndrome X, Syndrome X, Reaven, METABOLIC SYNDROME X, dysmetabolic syndrome X, dysmetabolic syndrome X (diagnosis), Insulin resistance syndrome, Dysmetabolic syndrome x, Metabolic syndrome, Metabolic Syndrome X [Disease/Finding], metabolic syndrome x, reaven's syndrome, metabolic x syndrome, syndrome x insulin resistance, dysmetabolic syndrome x, metabolic syndromes, metabolic syndrome, syndrome metabolic, METABOLIC SYNDROME, Cardiovascular Syndrome, Metabolic, Cardiovascular Syndromes, Metabolic, Insulin Resistance Syndrome X, Metabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome, Syndrome X, Insulin Resistance, Syndrome, Metabolic Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome, Syndrome X (Metabolic), Equine metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome X, Syndrome X, Metabolic, Dysmetabolic Syndrome X, Metabolic X Syndrome, Syndrome X, Dysmetabolic, Syndrome, Metabolic X, X Syndrome, Metabolic, Metabolic syndrome X, Reaven's syndrome, Metabolic syndrome X (disorder), Metabolic Syndrome X, Reaven syndrome X
Dutch metabolisch syndroom X, metabolisch syndroom, Syndroom X, Insulineresistentiesyndroom, Metabool syndroom, Syndroom van Reaven
German metabolisches Syndrom X, metabolisches Syndrom, Reaven-Syndrom X, Insulin-Resistenz-Syndrom X, Metabolisches Syndrom X
Portuguese Síndrome metabólica X, Síndrome metabólico, Síndrome X de Reaven, Síndrome X de Resistência à Insulina, Síndrome X Metabólica
Spanish Síndrome metabólico X, síndrome de resistencia a la insulina, síndrome dismetabólico X, síndrome de Reaven, síndrome metabólico X (trastorno), síndrome metabólico X, Síndrome metabólico, Síndrome X de Reaven, Síndrome X de Resistencia a la Insulina, Síndrome X Metabólico
French Syndrome métabolique, Syndrome de résistance à l'insuline, Syndrome métabolique X, Syndrome d'insulino-résistance, Syndrome X de Reaven, Syndrome X métabolique, Syndrome d'insulinorésistance, Syndrome métabolique cardiovasculaire
Japanese 代謝症候群, 代謝Ｘ症候群, ﾀｲｼｬXｼｮｳｺｳｸﾞﾝ, ﾀｲｼｬｼｮｳｺｳｸﾞﾝ, X症候群-代謝性, シンドロームX-代謝性, メタボリックシンドローム, 代謝性X症候群, 代謝性シンドロームX
Swedish Metabola syndromet X
Czech metabolický syndrom X, Reavenův syndrom, syndrom insulinové rezistence, Metabolický syndrom, Metabolický syndrom X
Finnish Metabolinen oireyhtymä
Russian INSULINOUSTOICHIVOSTI SINDROM X, METABOLICHESKII SINDROM X, REAVEN SINDROM X, INSULINOREZISTENTNOSTI SINDROM X, REAVEN СИНДРОМ X, ИНСУЛИНОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ СИНДРОМ X, ИНСУЛИНОУСТОЙЧИВОСТИ СИНДРОМ X, МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИЙ СИНДРОМ X
Polish Zespół Reavena, Zespół kardiometaboliczny, Zespół insulinooporności, Zespół X, Zespół metaboliczny
Croatian METABOLIČKI SINDROM X, METABOLIČKI SINDROM
Hungarian Metabolikus X syndroma, Metabolikus syndroma
Norwegian Insulinresistenssyndrom, Metabolsk syndrom, X-syndromet
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Impaired fasting glycaemia (C1272092)

Concepts Finding (T033)
ICD9 790.21
ICD10 R73.01
SnomedCT 390937007, 390731003, 389984002, 390951007
Italian Glicemia a digiuno alterata
English [D]Impaired fasting glycaemia (context-dependent category), impaired fasting glucose (diagnosis), impaired fasting glucose, [D]Impaired fasting glycaemia, [D]Impaired fasting glycaemia (situation), [D]Impaired fasting glucose, Impaired fasting glycaemia (disorder), Impaired fasting glycaemia, Impaired fasting glycaemia -RETIRED-, Impaired fasting glucose
Japanese 空腹時血中ブドウ糖不良, ｸｳﾌｸｼﾞｹｯﾁｭｳﾌﾞﾄﾞｳﾄｳﾌﾘｮｳ
Spanish [D]glucemia en ayunas alterada (categoría dependiente del contexto), [D]glucemia en ayunas alterada (situación), [D]glucemia en ayunas alterada, glucemia en ayunas alterada (trastorno), glucemia en ayunas alterada, Alteración de glucosa en ayunas
Czech Porušená glykemie na lačno
Hungarian Kóros éhomi glucose
French Glucose à jeun altéré
Portuguese Alteração da glucose em jejum
Dutch verminderde nuchtere glucose
German Nuechternglukose krankhaft
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

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