II. Causes
- Decreased Intake
- Protein calorie Malnutrition
- Starvation
- Alcoholism (Prevalence: 30-80% of Alcoholics)
- Among the most common causes of Hypomagnesemia in the Emergency Department
- Prolonged IV Therapy
- Inadequate Parenteral supplementation
- Decreased Absorption
- Malabsorption (e.g. Celiac Sprue, Crohns Disease)
- Small Intestine absorption
- Neonatal gut immaturity
- Excessive Gastrointestinal losses
- Excessive Renal Losses
- Diuretics
- Acute Tubular Necrosis (Diuretic phase)
- Acute Renal Failure diuresis
- Primary Aldosteronism
- Hypercalcemia
- Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
- Idiopathic renal wasting
- Chronic Renal Failure with wasting
- Miscellaneous Causes
- Idiopathic
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Porphyria with SIADH
- Multiple transfusions with citrated blood
- Endocrine
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Medications
- Proton Pump Inhibitors
- Cisplatin
- Cyclosporin
- Aminoglycosides (e.g. Gentamycin)
- Ticarcillin
- Carbenicillin
- Amphotericin B
- Foscarnet
IV. Signs
- Seizures
- Muscle cramps to Tetany
- Chvostek's Signs
- Vertical Nystagmus
- Arrhythmias