II. Embryology
- Thyroid Gland develops from Tongue root (foramen cecum)
- Formed by 5th-6th week of development
III. Anatomy
- Images
- Normal Adult Thyroid weighs 20-25g
- Components
- Two Lateral lobes
- Isthmus centrally connects the lobes
- Adjacent structures
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Parathyroid Glands
IV. Physiology
- Images
- Stressors stimulate increased Thyroid function
- Puberty
- Pregnancy
- Physiologic stress
-
Hypothalamus
- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) released
- TRH passes down pituitary stalk to pituitary
- Anterior Pituitary
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) released
- TSH passes into circulation to Thyroid
- Thyroid
- Iodine is absorbed from circulation (increased by TSH)
- Thyroglobulin is produced, bound to Tyrosine molecules and stored within Thyroid follicles
- TSH stimulates synthesis of T4 and T3 from Tyrosine bound to Thyroglobulin
- Thyroxine or Tetraiodothyronine (T4) released into circulation
- Triiodthyronine (T3) is also 20-30% produced in the Thyroid (remainder is peripheral conversion of T4)
- Peripheral Tissues
- Triiodothyronine (T3) produced from T4 deiodination
- Circulation
- Only unbound Thyroid Hormones (Free T4 or T3) are metabolically active
- Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG) binds T4 and T3
- T4 and T3 stimulate all metabolic processes
- T3 is several times more potent than T4
- Effects of Thyroid Hormone
- Triiodthyronine (T3) promotes DNA Transcription resulting in RNA Translation to enzymes and Protein synthesis
- Peripheral tissue oxygen utilization and basal metabolic rate increased
- Positive chronotropic and ionotropic cardiovascular effects, with secondary increased Cardiac Output
- Decreases Systemic Vascular Resistance via arteriole dilation
- When Thyroid Hormone is in excess (e.g. Thyroid Storm), high output Heart Failure may result
- Feedback Loop
- Increased T4 and T3 levels suppress TRH and TSH
V. Pathophysiology
- See Hypothyroidism
- See Hyperthyroidism
- See Goiter
- See Thyroiditis
- See Thyroid Cancer
VI. References
- Mason, Herbert and Swadron in Herbert (2019) EM:Rap C3 3(11):1-10
- Goldberg (2014) Physiology, Medmaster, Miami, p. 136-8
Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)
Related Studies
| Definition (MSH) | A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D004105 |
| SnomedCT | 80393001 |
| English | Acid, Iodogorgoic, Diiodotyrosine, Iodogorgoic Acid, Tyrosine, 3,5-diiodo-, Diiodotyrosine [Chemical/Ingredient], diiodotyrosine, Diiodotyrosine (substance) |
| Swedish | Dijodtyrosin |
| Czech | dijodtyrosin |
| Finnish | Dijodityrosiini |
| French | DIT (Di-IodoTyrosine), Di-iodotyrosine, Diiodotyrosine |
| Russian | DIIODTIROZIN, ДИИОДТИРОЗИН |
| Japanese | ジヨードチロシン, ヨードゴルゴ酸 |
| Italian | Acido iodogorgoico, Diiodotirosina |
| Polish | Kwas jodogorgowy, Dwujodotyrozyna, Dijodotyrozyna, DIT |
| Norwegian | Dijodotyrosin |
| Portuguese | Di-Iodotirosina, Ácido Iodogorgoico |
| Spanish | diyodotirosina (sustancia), diyodotirosina, Diyodotirosina, Ácido Yodogorgoico |
| German | Diiodtyrosin, Iodgorgosäure |
Ontology: Monoiodotyrosine (C0021996)
| Definition (MSH) | A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine. |
| Definition (CSP) | product from the iodination of tyrosine; in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D007470 |
| SnomedCT | 91166002 |
| English | Iodotyrosine, iodotyrosine, L-Tyrosine, iodo-, Monoiodotyrosine [Chemical/Ingredient], Monoiodotyrosine, Monoiodotyrosine (substance) |
| Swedish | Jodtyrosin |
| Czech | monojodtyrosin |
| Finnish | Monojodotyrosiini |
| French | Mono-iodotyrosine, Monoiodotyrosine, MIT (Mono-Iodotyrosine), Iodotyrosine |
| Russian | IODTIROZIN, MONOIODTIROZIN, ИОДТИРОЗИН, МОНОИОДТИРОЗИН |
| Japanese | モノヨードチロシン, ヨードチロシン |
| Italian | Iodotirosina, Monoiodotirosina |
| Polish | Monojodotyrozyna, MIT, Jodotyrozyna |
| Norwegian | Monojodotyrosin, MIT |
| Spanish | monoyodotirosina (sustancia), monoyodotirosina, Monoyodotirosina, Yodotirosina |
| German | Iodtyrosin, Monojodtyrosin |
| Portuguese | Iodotirosina, Monoiodotirosina |
Ontology: Thyroglobulin (C0040123)
| Definition (NCI) | A glycoprotein hormone that is synthesized by the thyroid follicular cell and is incorporated, by peptide bonds, with thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Thyroid hormone release occurs when T3 and T4 are enzymatically split from thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin levels serve as a tumor marker for monitoring the status of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. |
| Definition (NCI) | Expressed in thyroid gland (8.7-kb mRNA), 37-exon 300-kb human TG Gene (Type-B Carboxylesterase/Lipase Family) encodes 2768-aa 305-kDa (precursor) Thyroglobulin, a sulfated homodimeric secreted (follicular) glycoprotein containing 11 thyroglobulin type-I domains and precursor of iodinated thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Free T4 and T3 hormones are released from hydrolyzed Thyroglobulin. TG defects cause goiter. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | The form that thyroid hormone takes when stored in the cells of the thyroid. If the thyroid has been removed, thyroglobulin should not show up on a blood test. Doctors measure thyroglobulin level in blood to detect thyroid cancer cells that remain in the body after treatment. |
| Definition (CSP) | intracellular iodoglycoprotein precursor of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Hormone (T125) |
| MSH | D013954 |
| SnomedCT | 23959001, 34599009 |
| LNC | LP14697-4, MTHU005047 |
| English | Thyroglobulin, Thyroglobulins, thyroid preparations thyroglobulin (discontinued), thyroglobulin (discontinued) (medication), thyroglobulin (discontinued), Thyroglobulin [Chemical/Ingredient], tg thyroglobulin, Thyroglobulin preparation, TG - Thyroglobulin, Thyroglobulin (substance), Thyroglobulin preparation (product), thyroglobulin, Thyroglobulin preparation (substance), TG, THYROGLOBULIN |
| Swedish | Tyreoglubulin |
| Czech | tyreoglobulin, thyreoglobulin |
| Finnish | Tyreoglobuliini |
| Russian | TIREOGLOBULIN, ТИРЕОГЛОБУЛИН |
| Spanish | preparado con tiroglobulina (producto), tiroglobulina (producto), preparado con tiroglobulina, preparado de tiroglobulina (producto), preparado de tiroglobulina (sustancia), preparado de tiroglobulina, tiroglobulina (sustancia), tiroglobulina, Tiroglobulina |
| Croatian | TIREOGLOBULIN |
| Polish | Tyreoglobulina |
| Portuguese | Tiroglobulina, Tireoglobulina |
| French | Thyroglobuline |
| German | Thyreoglobulin |
| Italian | Tiroglobulina |
Ontology: Thyroid Diseases (C0040128)
| Definition (MEDLINEPLUS) |
Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones. Thyroid hormones control the rate of many activities in your body. These include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these activities are your body's metabolism. If your thyroid gland is not active enough, it is called hypothyroidism. It can make you gain weight, feel fatigued, and have difficulty dealing with cold temperatures. If your thyroid is too active, it makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs. That condition is called hyperthyroidism. Too much thyroid hormone can make you lose weight, speed up your heart rate, and make you very sensitive to heat. There are many causes for both conditions. Treatment involves trying to reset your body's metabolism to a normal rate. The thyroid gland can also develop cancer. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health |
| Definition (NCI) | A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Representative examples include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, follicular adenoma, and carcinoma. |
| Definition (CSP) | condition in which there is a deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of the thyroid gland, which is a highly vascular endocrine gland that produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. |
| Definition (MSH) | Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND. |
| Concepts | Disease or Syndrome (T047) |
| MSH | D013959 |
| ICD9 | 246.9, 240-246.99 |
| ICD10 | E00-E07.9 , E07.9, E00-E07 |
| SnomedCT | 14304000, 190311002, 190232008, 191036006, 154649009 |
| LNC | LA17778-4, LA15157-3 |
| English | Disease, Thyroid, Diseases, Thyroid, Thyroid Diseases, Unspecified disorder of thyroid, THYROID DISORDER, Disorders of thyroid gland, Thyroid disorder NOS, Disorder of thyroid, unspecified, THYROID DIS, Disease of thyroid gland, thyroid disorder, thyroid disorder (diagnosis), Thyroid gland disorders, Disorder thyroid, Disorder of thyroid NOS, Thyroid disorders, Thyroid Diseases [Disease/Finding], thyroid gland disease, thyroid gland diseases, abnormal thyroid, diseases of the thyroid gland, thyroid disease, thyroid diseases, thyroid gland disorder, thyroid disorders, thyroid abnormal, thyroid gland disorders, Disorders of thyroid gland (E00-E07), Thyroid disorder NOS (disorder), Thyroid gland--Diseases, Diseases of the thyroid gland, Thyroid Disease, Thyroid disease, Thyroid disorder, disease (or disorder); thyroid, thyroid; disorder, Disease of thyroid gland, NOS, Disorder of thyroid gland, NOS, Thyroid disorder, NOS, Disorder of thyroid gland, Disease of thyroid gland (disorder), Disorder of thyroid gland (disorder), Thyroid Disorders, Thyroid Gland Diseases, Thyroid Gland Disease, Thyroid Gland Disorders, Thyroid Gland Disorder, DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND |
| Italian | Patologia della tiroide, Patologie della ghiandola tiroidea, Disturbo della tiroide, Patologia della tiroide NAS, Disturbo non specificato della tiroide, Malattie tiroidee |
| Dutch | schildklieraandoening NAO, aandoening schildklier, niet-gespecificeerde schildklieraandoening, aandoening; schildklier, schildklier; aandoening, Schildklieraandoening, niet gespecificeerd, schildklieraandoeningen, thyroïdaandoening, Schildklieraandoening, Schildklierziekte, Schildklierziekten, Ziekte, schildklier- |
| French | Trouble de la thyroïde non précisé, Trouble thyroïdien SAI, TROUBLE THYROIDIEN, Trouble thyroïdien, Troubles de la glande thyroïde, Maladies thyroidiennes, Maladies de la thyroïde |
| German | unspezifische Funktionsstoerung der Schilddruese, Erkrankungen der Schilddruese NNB, Erkrankung der Schilddruese, Krankheit der Schilddruese, nicht naeher bezeichnet, SCHILDDRUESENSTOERUNG, Erkrankungen der Schilddruese, Schilddruesenerkrankung, Schilddrüsenkrankheiten |
| Portuguese | Doença da tiroideia NE, Afecção NE da tiroideia, Afecção da tiroideia, ALTERACAO TIROIDEIA, Doenças da Glândula Tireoide, Doenças da Tireoide, Anomalia da tireóide, Doenças da tiroideia |
| Spanish | Trastorno no especificado del tiroides, Trastorno de tiroides NEOM, enfermedad de la glándula tiroides (trastorno), TIROIDES, TRASTORNO, trastorno tiroideo, SAI (trastorno), trastorno tiroideo, SAI, Enfermedades de la Glándula Tiroides, Enfermedades Tiroideas, trastorno tiroideo, Trastorno de tiroides, Trastornos de la glándula tiroides, trastorno de la glándula tiroides, trastorno de la glándula tiroides (trastorno), enfermedad de la glándula tiroides, Enfermedades de la Tiroides |
| Japanese | 甲状腺障害, 甲状腺障害ＮＯＳ, 詳細不明の甲状腺障害, ｺｳｼﾞｮｳｾﾝｼｮｳｶﾞｲNOS, ｺｳｼﾞｮｳｾﾝｼｮｳｶﾞｲ, ｼｮｳｻｲﾌﾒｲﾉｺｳｼﾞｮｳｾﾝｼｮｳｶﾞｲ |
| Swedish | Sköldkörtelsjukdomar |
| Finnish | Kilpirauhasen sairaudet |
| Russian | SHCHITOVIDNOI ZHELEZY BOLEZNI, ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ БОЛЕЗНИ |
| Czech | Porucha štítné žlázy, Porucha štítné žlázy NOS, Poruchy štítné žlázy, Blíže neurčená porucha štítné žlázy, thyreoidea - nemoci, nemoci tyreoidey, tyreoidea - nemoci, nemoci štítné žlázy |
| Korean | 상세불명의 갑상샘의 장애 |
| Croatian | TIREOIDNE BOLESTI, BOLESTI ŠTITNJAČE, TIROIDNE BOLESTI |
| Polish | Choroby tarczycy |
| Hungarian | Pajzsmirigy nem meghatározott betegsége, Pajzsmirigy betegségek, Pajzsmirigy betegség k.m.n., Pajzsmirigy betegség |
| Norwegian | Sykdommer i skjoldbruskkjertelen, Skjoldbruskkjertelsykdommer |
Ontology: Thyroid Gland (C0040132)
| Definition (FMA) | Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of ductless, glandular follicles filled with colloid. Examples: thyroid gland proper, accessory thyroid gland, lingual thyroid gland. |
| Definition (MSHCZE) | Žláza s vnitřní sekrecí tvořená dvěma laloky spojenými úzkým můstkem (isthmem). Je umístěna na krku v oblasti chrupavky štítné. Histologicky je patrná folikulární struktura; v centru folikulů je hlenovitá hmota a jsou zde shromažďovány prekurzory hormonů. Hormony štítné žlázy (thyroxin a trijodthyronin) obsahují jod, který je důležitý pro její funkci. Hormony mají význam pro látkovou výměnu a pro rozvoj mozku v dětství. Jejich tvorba je řízena z předního laloku hypofýzy TSH. Mimo to jsou ve štítné žláze buňky (C-buňky, parafolikulární) produkující hormon kalcitonin, který ovlivňuje hospodaření s vápníkem. Hlavní choroby t. jsou struma, záněty (tyroiditidy), poruchy funkce (hypertyreóza, hypotyreóza), karcinomy. (cit. Velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ ) |
| Definition (UWDA) | Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of ductless, glandular follicles filled with colloid. Examples: thyroid gland proper, accessory thyroid gland, lingual thyroid gland. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A gland located beneath the larynx (voice box) that makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin. The thyroid gland helps regulate growth and metabolism. |
| Definition (NCI) | An endocrine gland located at the base of the neck that produces and secretes thyroxine and other hormones. Thyroxine is important for metabolic control. |
| Definition (NCI_CDISC) | An endocrine gland located at the base of the neck that produces and secretes thyroxine and other hormones. Thyroxine is important for metabolic control. (NCI) |
| Definition (MSH) | A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively. |
| Definition (CSP) | endocrine gland normally situated in the lower part of the front of the neck; secretes, stores and releases the iodine dependent thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyroine which play major endocrine roles in regulating metabolic rate; also secretes thyrocalcitonin. |
| Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
| MSH | D013961 |
| SnomedCT | 69748006 |
| HL7 | THYRD |
| LNC | LP32941-4, LP7636-6, MTHU007792 |
| English | Gland, Thyroid, Glands, Thyroid, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Glands, Thyroid, Thyroids, Glandula thyroidea, thyroid, thyroid glands, thyroids, thyroid gland, THYROID GLAND, Thyroid gland, Thyroid structure, Thyroid structure (body structure), Thyroid gland, NOS, Thyroid, NOS, Head and Neck, Thyroid |
| French | Corps thyroïde, Glande thyroide, Thyroïde |
| Swedish | Sköldkörtel |
| Czech | štítná žláza, tyreoidea, glandula thyreoidea, thyreoidea |
| Finnish | Kilpirauhanen |
| Russian | SHCHITOVIDNAIA ZHELEZA, ЩИТОВИДНАЯ ЖЕЛЕЗА |
| Japanese | 甲状腺 |
| Latvian | Vairogdziedzeris |
| Polish | Tarczyca, Gruczoł tarczowy |
| Croatian | ŠTITNA ŽLIJEZDA, ŠTITNJAČA, TIREOIDEJA |
| Norwegian | Skjoldbruskkjertel, Glandula thyreoidea |
| Portuguese | Glândula Tireoide, Tireoide, Glândula Tiroide, Tiroide |
| Spanish | estructura de la glándula tiroides (estructura corporal), estructura de la glándula tiroides, glándula tiroides, Glándula Tiroides |
| German | Glandula thyreoidea, Schilddrüse |
| Italian | Tiroide |
| Dutch | Glandula thyreoidea, Schildklier |
Ontology: Thyroid Hormones (C0040135)
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A hormone that affects heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight. Thyroid hormone is made by the thyroid gland and can also be made in the laboratory. |
| Definition (NCI) | Any of several closely related compounds that are produced by the thyroid gland and are active metabolically. |
| Definition (CSP) | any of several closely related compounds that are produced by the thyroid gland and are active metabolically. |
| Definition (MSH) | Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs. |
| Concepts | Hormone (T125) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D013963 |
| SnomedCT | 325311005, 18220004, 61020000 |
| LNC | LP31666-8 |
| English | Hormones, Thyroid, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones [Chemical/Ingredient], thyroid hormone, thyroid hormones, Thyroid hormones, Thyroid hormones (product), Thyroid hormone, Thyroid hormone (substance), Thyroid hormone, NOS, Thyroid hormones (substance), Thyroid Gland Hormone, Thyroid Hormone |
| Swedish | Sköldkörtelhormoner |
| Czech | thyreoidální hormony, tyreoidální hormony |
| Finnish | Kilpirauhashormonit |
| Russian | SHCHITOVIDNOI ZHELEZY GORMONY, TIREOIDNYE GORMONY, ТИРЕОИДНЫЕ ГОРМОНЫ, ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ ГОРМОНЫ |
| Croatian | TIREOIDNI HORMONI |
| Polish | Hormony tarczycy |
| Norwegian | Skjoldkjertelhormoner, Thyreoideahormoner |
| Spanish | hormonas tiroideas (producto), hormonas tiroideas, Hormonas de la Glándula Tiroides, hormona tiroidea (sustancia), hormona tiroidea, Hormonas Tiroideas |
| Portuguese | Hormônios Tireoideanos, Hormônios Tireoidianos, Hormônios da Glândula Tireoide, Hormônios Tireóideos |
| French | Hormones thyroïdiennes |
| German | Thyreoideahormone, Schilddrüsenhormone |
| Italian | Ormoni della tiroide |
