II. Precaution
- Soy lacks the Amino Acids Cysteine and Methionine
- Combine with rice, corn or wheat
- To supply all Essential Amino Acids
III. Mechanism
IV. Dietary sources
- Soy-rich foods (richest sources)
- Soy milk (1 cup): 3-10 grams Soy Protein (90-140 cals)
- Tofu (3 oz): 10 grams Soy Protein (90 cals)
- Tempeh (1 ounce): 5 grams Soy Protein (55 cals)
- Soy flour (1/2 cup): 20 grams Soy Protein (220 cals)
- Soy Protein (2 tbs): 25 grams Soy Protein (110 cals)
- Edamame (1 cup): 22 grams Soy Protein (250 cals)
- Licorice
- Red clover
- Thyme
- Tumeric
- Hops
- Verbena
- Alfalfa
- Beans
V. Benefits: Potential
- Associated with significant reduced Breast Cancer risk
- Initial Retrospective Studies (needs confirmation)
- However, avoid in those with Estrogen receptor positive Breast Cancer
- Decreased lipid levels (Soy Protein - not subcomponents)
- Decreases LDL Cholesterol (up to 13%)
- Decreases Serum Triglycerides (up to 10%)
- Reynolds (2006) Am J Cardiol 98(5): 633-40 [PubMed]
- May increase Bone Mineral Density
- Soy Protein decreases Fracture risk
- Soy Isoflavone decreases postmenopausal spinal bone loss
VI. Benefits: Variable
-
Hot Flushes
- Effectiveness appears dependent on pharmacogenomic factors
- Equol is a soy metabolite with Estrogenic Activity
- Only 40% of North American women convert Soy Isoflavone (daidzein) to equol
- Conversion is most common in Asian and Hispanic women
- The majority who lack this conversion are unlikely to see benefit from soy
- References
- Some studies show benefit in Hot Flushes
- Other studies suggest no benefit in Hot Flushes
- Requires large, often intolerable doses (60 g/day)
- Effectiveness appears dependent on pharmacogenomic factors
VII. Adverse Effects
- Most common side effects
- Diarrhea
- Menstrual irregularities (Amenorrhea or prolonged periods)
- Thyroid suppression may occur
- Recent flawed study showed adverse neurologic effects
- Further well performed studies required
- Unknown longterm effects on Estrogen receptors
- Caution in Estrogen receptor positive Breast Cancer
- Does not appear to increase endometrial thickness at typical isoflavone doses (40-80 mg)
VIII. Dosing: Sources of dietary Soy Protein and isoflavone
- Recommended doses for Hot Flashes in Menopause
- Soy Protein 25-60 g/day
- Isoflavone 60 mg/day
- Equivalent sources to meet 25-60 gram daily intake
- Soy Milk (4 glasses)
- Tofu 2 portions or one third brick
- Edamame 1/2 cup
- Soy Protein powder in shake (1 serving)
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Related Studies
| Definition (NCI) | Compounds from plant sources with estrogen-like activities |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | An estrogen-like substance found in some plants and plant products. Phytoestrogens may have anticancer effects. |
| Definition (MSH) | PLANT EXTRACTS and compounds, primarily ISOFLAVONES, that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS. |
| Definition (CSP) | plant chemicals that may act as fungicides, deter herbivores, regulate plant hormones, and protect plants from ultraviolet radiation; structurally resemble endogenous animal estrogens; may function as estrogen agonists or antagonists when consumed by humans. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Hormone (T125) , Steroid (T110) |
| MSH | D048789 |
| French | Agents phyto-oestrogènes, Agents phyto-estrogènes, Phytoestrogènes, Phyto-estrogènes, Agents phytoestrogènes, Phyto-oestrogènes, Phytooestrogènes |
| Swedish | Fytoöstrogener |
| Czech | fytoestrogeny |
| Finnish | Kasviestrogeenit |
| Russian | FITOESTROGENY, ФИТОЭСТРОГЕНЫ |
| Japanese | 植物性エストロゲン, 植物エストロゲン, フィトエストロゲン |
| Italian | Fitoestrogeno, Fitoestrogeni |
| English | phytoestrogens, phyto-estrogen, phyto estrogens, phyto estrogen, phytoestrogen, Phyto Estrogen, Phyto-Estrogen, Phytoestrogens, Phytoestrogen |
| Polish | Fitoestrogeny |
| German | Phyto-Östrogen, Phytoöstrogene, Phytoöstrogen |
| Portuguese | Fitoestrógenos |
| Spanish | Fitoestrogenos |
Ontology: Glycine max (C1262902)
| Definition (CSP) | food plant which contains little starch and is rich in protein; used to prepare protein supplements; also furnishes commercially important enzymes and other products. |
| Concepts | Plant (T002) |
| MSH | D013025 |
| SnomedCT | 76068006 |
| English | Chinese bean, Soja hispida, Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean, glycine max, soybeans, Soybean, Glycine max (organism), Glycine max |
| Portuguese | Glycine max |
| German | Glycine max |
| French | Glycine max, Soja hispida |
| Czech | Glycine max, sója luštinatá, Glycine soja |
| Norwegian | Glycine max |
| Italian | Glycine max |
| Spanish | Glycine max (organismo), soja, Glycine max |
| Dutch | Glycine max |
