II. Definitions
- Tall Stature
- Height >2 SD ABOVE the mean height for age and gender (or >97th percentile on growth curve) OR
- Height >2 SD (>10 cm or 3.9 in) above calculated Midparental Height
III. Differential Diagnosis
- Normal variants (most common causes of Tall Stature, along with Obesity)
- Constitutional Tall Stature (constitutional advancement of growth)
- Early growth at age 2-4 years with advanced Bone Age, then normal Growth Velocity and early Puberty
- Pubertal growth ceases earlier than expected, resulting in normal adult height
- Similar to Obesity related linear growth pattern
- Familial Tall Stature
- Height <2 SD (<10 cm or 3.9 in) above calculated Midparental Height
- Constitutional Tall Stature (constitutional advancement of growth)
- Endocrine disorders
- Obesity (most common endocrine condition related to Tall Stature)
- Early growth with advanced Bone Age, then normal Growth Velocity and early Puberty
- Pubertal growth ceases earlier than expected, resulting in normal adult height
- Similar to Constitutional Tall Stature related linear growth pattern
- Growth Hormone excess (Acromegaly)
- GH Secreting tumors
- Pituitary Gigantism (Cerebral Gigantism or Soto Syndrome)
- Precocious Puberty
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Untreated, pubertal)
- Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
- Obesity (most common endocrine condition related to Tall Stature)
-
Genetic disorders - disproportionate overgrowth
- Marfan Syndrome
- Homocystinuria
- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
- Klinefelter Syndrome
-
Genetic disorders - proportionate overgrowth
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Cerebral Gigantism (Sotos Syndrome)
- Weaver Syndrome
IV. Evaluation
- See Dysmorphic features in Congenital Disorders
- Past History
- Birth history
- Developmental Milestones
- Family History related to growth and development
- Tall relatives with associated eye, cardiac, musculoskeletal or Developmental Disorders
- Assess parental heights
- See Midparental Height
- Height <2 SD (<10 cm or 3.9 in) above calculated Midparental Height suggests familial Tall Stature
- Weight Measurement in Children
- Height Measurement in Children
- Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Weight for Height Age
- Upper to Lower Segment Ratio
- Precocious Puberty findings (e.g. Tanner Stage)
V. Labs: Specific
- Insulinlike Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) - consult local endocrinology
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Hyperthyroidism)
- Amino Acid screen (Homocystinuria)
- Chromosome Karyotype (Klinefelter Syndrome, XXY in males)
- Glucose (Beckwith-Wiedemann)
- FSH, LH, Serum Testosterone, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (Precocious Puberty, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
VI. Imaging
- Bone Age XRay
VII. Evaluation
- Indications for Tall Stature evaluation
- Height >2 SD ABOVE the mean height for age and gender (or >97th percentile on growth curve) OR
- Height >2 SD (>10 cm or 3.9 in) above calculated Midparental Height
- No dysmorphic features
- Advanced Bone Age
- Obesity
- Constitutional Tall Stature
- Precocious Puberty (early sexual characteristics)
- Normal Bone Age and height >2 SD ABOVE mid-parental height
- Normal Bone Age and height <2 SD ABOVE mid-parental height
- Familial Tall Stature (consistent with Midparental Height)
- Advanced Bone Age
- Dysmorphic features
- Proportionate growth
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Cerebral Gigantism (Sotos Syndrome)
- Weaver Syndrome
- Dysproportionate growth
- Marfan Syndrome
- Homocystinuria
- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
- Klinefelter Syndrome
- Proportionate growth
VIII. Management
- Idiopathic Tall Stature
- No intervention needed
- Older methods have fallen out of favor
- High dose sex Hormones promote Growth Plate closure, but have significant adverse effects
- Growth Plate destruction (via surgery) is controversial
- Pituitary Gigantism
- Growth Hormone suppression (e.g. Octreotide, pegvisomant)
IX. References
- Alpert (1998) Pediatr Rev 19(9):303-5 [PubMed]
- Barstow (2015) Am Fam Physician 92(1): 43-50 [PubMed]
- Caro (2025) Am Fam Physician 111(6): 532-42 [PubMed]
- Cuttler (1987) Pediatrician 14(3):109-20 [PubMed]
- Leung (1995) Can Fam Physician 41:457-68 [PubMed]
- Nwosu (2008) Am Fam Physician 78(5): 597-4 [PubMed]
- Rosenfield (1996) Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 25:743 [PubMed]