Verapamil

Aka: Verapamil, Calan, Phenylalkamine, Verelan, Isoptin SR

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II. Mechanism

  1. Non-Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker
  2. AV Node effects
    1. Slow AV Node Conduction
    2. Prolong AV Node refractory period
  3. Reduces myocardial Oxygen Consumption
    1. Negative chronotropic effect
    2. Negative inotropic effect
  4. Reduces Systemic Vascular Resistance
    1. Results from vasodilatation of peripheral arteriole vascular Smooth Muscle
    2. Counters negative inotropic effect
  5. More negative hemodynamic effects than Diltiazem
  6. Coronary vasodilatation

III. Indications

  1. Diltiazem is typically the preferred Non-Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker
  2. Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (90% effective)
    1. Terminates sustained reentry within AV Node
    2. Terminates AV Node limb of reentrant circuit
  3. Supraventricular Tachycardia
    1. Terminates AV Node reentry Tachycardias
    2. Slows ventricular response to Atrial Fibrillation
    3. Verapamil is highly effective
    4. Used for acute treatment and prevention
  4. Hypertension
    1. Consider Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker (e.g. Amlodipine) instead if Heart Rate control not needed
  5. Angina
    1. Decreases Anginal episodes

IV. Contraindications

  1. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome with Atrial Fibrillation
    1. Paroxysmal accelerated ventricular response
    2. Risk of progression into Ventricular Fibrillation
  2. Wide Complex Tachycardia (unless supraventricular)
    1. Risk of severe Hypotension
    2. May progress into Ventricular Fibrillation
    3. Verapamil ineffective against Ventricular Tachycardia
  3. Sinus Node or AV Node dysfunction without Pacemaker
    1. AV Block
    2. Sick Sinus Syndrome
  4. Severe Congestive Heart Failure or LV Dysfunction
  5. Concurrent Intravenous Beta Blocker use

V. Dosing: Supraventricular Tachycardia in Adults

  1. Initial Dose: 2.5 to 5.0 mg (0.075 to 0.15 mg/kg) IV bolus over 2 to 3 min
  2. Subsequent: 5 to 10 mg IV every 15 to 30 min
  3. Maximum 30 mg total, cummulative dose

VI. Dosing: Supraventricular Tachycardia in Children (8-15 years old)

  1. Initial: 0.1 mg/kg up to 2.5 to 5 mg IV over 1-2 min
  2. Subsequent: 0.2 mg/kg up to 5 to 10 mg after 15 to 30 min
  3. Dose range: 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg IV

VII. Dosing: Hypertension or Angina in Adults

  1. Do not chew or crush medication
    1. However scored tablets may be cut
    2. Sustained release capsules may be sprinkled on food
  2. Regular Release
    1. Start 40 to 80 mg orally three times daily
    2. Maximum 480 mg/day
  3. Extended Release
    1. Isoptin SR and Calan SR should be divided twice daily when daily dose >240 mg/day
    2. Start 120 to 240 mg orally daily
    3. Maximum 480 mg/day

VIII. Precautions: Transient Hypotension

  1. Results from peripheral vasodilation
  2. Countered by Intravenous Calcium Injection
  3. Consider prophylactic pretreatment with Calcium
    1. Marginal Blood Pressure
    2. Left Ventricular Dysfunction

IX. Adverse Effects

  1. See Calcium Channel Blocker
  2. Constipation (more than with Diltiazem)
  3. Peripheral Edema
  4. Congestive Heart Failure exacerbation
  5. Hypotension
  6. Bradycardia
  7. Gastrointestinal upset or Nausea
  8. Dizziness

X. Safety

  1. Pregnancy Category C
  2. Avoid in Lactation

XI. Drug Interactions

  1. Agents that prolong AV Node conduction (avoid)
    1. Beta Blockers
    2. Digoxin
    3. Clonidine (case reports of severe episodes)
    4. Ivabradine (contraindicated in combination)
  2. Agents with levels increased by Verapamil
    1. Digoxin (increases level >50%)
    2. Lovastatin (limit to 20 mg daily)
    3. Simvastatin (limit to 10 mg daily)
    4. Doxorubicin
  3. Agents that increase Verapamil levels
    1. Grapefruit Juice
    2. Cimetidine (reduces clearance)
  4. Other interactions
    1. Chemotherapy
    2. mTOR Inhibitors (e.g. Sirolimus)
    3. Prazosin (Hypotension)
    4. Calcium Supplement (inhibits Verapamil activity)

XII. Pharmacokinetics

  1. Peak effect seen within 3-5 minutes of bolus injection
  2. Serum half life 5 hours
    1. Prolonged up to 20 hours in Cirrhosis

XIII. Metabolism

  1. Well absorbed orally
  2. First pass metabolism 80% to active metabolites
  3. Highly Protein bound (90%)
  4. Exercise caution in liver or renal Impairment

XIV. Resources

  1. Verapamil Tablet (DailyMed)
    1. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ed1e0c14-3571-43f9-88fc-5a4d2b598263
  2. Verapamil Delayed Release Tablet (DailyMed)
    1. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0742cf97-601b-4c13-a6c3-1a6a616ed292
  3. Verapamil Injection Solution (DailyMed)
    1. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=df77b8d1-1d2b-4fea-a1e9-153bd25008a6

XV. References

  1. (2022) Presc Lett, Resource #381108, Comparison of Calcium Channel Blockers
  2. (2020) Med Lett Drugs Ther 62(1598): 73-80
  3. Olson (2020) Clinical Pharmacology, Medmaster Miami, p. 70-1
  4. Hamilton (2020) Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia

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Related Studies

Cost: Medications

verapamil (on 12/21/2022 at Medicaid.Gov Survey of pharmacy drug pricing)
VERAPAMIL 120 MG TABLET Generic $0.07 each
VERAPAMIL 40 MG TABLET Generic $0.13 each
VERAPAMIL 80 MG TABLET Generic $0.06 each
VERAPAMIL ER 120 MG CAPSULE Generic $1.14 each
VERAPAMIL ER 120 MG TABLET Generic $0.25 each
VERAPAMIL ER 180 MG CAPSULE Generic $1.14 each
VERAPAMIL ER 180 MG TABLET Generic $0.20 each
VERAPAMIL ER 240 MG CAPSULE Generic $1.30 each
VERAPAMIL ER 240 MG TABLET Generic $0.16 each
VERAPAMIL ER PM 100 MG CAPSULE Generic $4.62 each
VERAPAMIL ER PM 200 MG CAPSULE Generic $5.66 each
VERAPAMIL ER PM 300 MG CAPSULE Generic $8.37 each
VERAPAMIL SR 120 MG CAPSULE Generic $1.14 each
VERAPAMIL SR 180 MG CAPSULE Generic $1.14 each
VERAPAMIL SR 240 MG CAPSULE Generic $1.30 each
VERAPAMIL SR 360 MG CAPSULE Generic $4.52 each
FPNotebook does not benefit financially from showing this medication data or their pharmacy links. This information is provided only to help medical providers and their patients see relative costs. Insurance plans negotiate lower medication prices with suppliers. Prices shown here are out of pocket, non-negotiated rates. See Needy Meds for financial assistance information. GoodRx is another tool for finding lower drug prices.

Ontology: Verapamil (C0042523)

Definition (NCI) A phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocking agent. Verapamil inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents. (NCI04)
Definition (CSP) calcium channel blocker that dilates coronary arteries and decreases myocardial oxygen demand.
Definition (MSH) A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.
Definition (PDQ) A phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocking agent. Verapamil inhibits the transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing dilatation of the main coronary and systemic arteries and decreasing myocardial contractility. This agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents. Check for "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=39730&idtype=1" active clinical trials or "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=39730&idtype=1&closed=1" closed clinical trials using this agent. ("http://nciterms.nci.nih.gov:80/NCIBrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C928" NCI Thesaurus)
Concepts Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Organic Chemical (T109)
MSH D014700
SnomedCT 372754009, 47898004
LNC LP16307-8, MTHU007771
English Iproveratril, Verapamil, Benzeneacetonitrile, alpha-(3-((2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)methylamino)propyl)-3,4-dimethoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-, alpha-[3-[[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]methylamino]propyl]-3,4-dimethoxy-alpha-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetonitrile, verapamil (medication), Verapamil [Chemical/Ingredient], VERAPAMIL, verapamil, Verapamil (product), Verapamil (substance)
Swedish Verapamil
Czech verapamil
Finnish Verapamiili
Russian VERAPAMIL, IPROVERATRIL, ВЕРАПАМИЛ, ИПРОВЕРАТРИЛ
Japanese 塩酸ベラパミル, ワソラン, ホルミトール, 塩酸イプロベラトリル, ベラパミル塩酸塩, マゴチロン, カラン, ロシトール, イプロベラトリル, ベラパミル
Croatian Not Translated[Verapamil]
French Iprovératril, Vérapamil
Polish Werapamil
Spanish ipoveratrilo, verapamilo (producto), verapamilo (sustancia), verapamilo, Iproveratril, Verapamilo
German Iproveratril, Verapamil
Italian Verapamil
Portuguese Iproveratril, Verapamil
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Phenylalkylamine (C0597214)

Concepts Organic Chemical (T109)
SnomedCT 406766008
English phenylalkylamine, Phenylalkylamine (substance), Phenylalkylamine
Spanish fenilalquilamina (sustancia), fenilalquilamina
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Calan (C0700935)

Concepts Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Organic Chemical (T109)
MSH D014700
English calan, Calan
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Related Topics in Pharmacology

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