II. Causes: Cardiovascular

  1. Antiarrhythmics
    1. See Sodium Channel Blockade Antiarrhythmics
    2. Class Ia: Lengthens Action Potential duration
      1. Quinidine
      2. Procainamide (Pronestyl)
      3. Disopyramide (Norpace)
      4. Amiodarone (also Class II, III, IV)
      5. Ajmaline (used to diagnostically provoke Arrhythmia in suspected Brugada Syndrome)
    3. Class Ib: Shortens Action Potential duration
      1. Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
      2. Tocainide (Tonocard)
      3. Mexiletine (Mexitil)
      4. Aprindine
    4. Class Ic: Slows conduction
      1. Flecainide (Tambocor)
      2. Encainide (Enkaid)
      3. Propafenone (Rythmol)
      4. Moracizine (Ethmozine, off U.S. market in 2007)
  2. Diuretic
    1. Triamterene
    2. Amiloride
  3. Beta-Blockers (esp. non-selective)
    1. Acebutolol
    2. Oxprenolol
    3. Propranolol

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