II. Definitions
- Gingival Hyperplasia
- Non-inflammatory thickening of gum tissue (via increased cell number) overlying the alveolar ridge
- Gingival Hypertrophy
- Abnormal gum enlargement (via swelling of existing cells)
III. Pathophysiology
IV. Risk Factors
- Increased Dental Plaque
- Increased dental Plaque is associated with worse Gingival Hyperplasia
- Male Gender (RR 3)
- Age <40 years old
- Family History (possible genetic predisposition)
V. Causes
- Medication causes
- Anticonvulsants
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
- Phenytoin (Dilantin, occurs in 20-57% of patients)
- Calcium Channel Blockers (uncommon)
- Amlodipine (Norvasc, occurs in 2-3% of patients)
- Nifedipine (Procardia, occurs in 6-15% of patients)
- Diltiazem (Cardizem, occurs in 5-20% of patients)
- Verapamil (occurs in 5% of patients)
- Cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
- Erythromycin
- Oral Contraceptives
- Anticonvulsants
- Other causes
VI. Symptoms
- Onset of increased gum tissue starting 1-3 months after causative factors (e.g. medications)
VII. Signs
- Gingiva heaped up and partially cover teeth
VIII. Management
- Decrease or eliminate causative medications
- Discontinuation of causative medications is preferred (consider alternative medications)
- Reduce causative medication doses to the lowest effective dose
-
Dental Hygiene to reduce Plaque formation
- Twice daily brusing with fluoride toothpaste
- Dental flossing
- Increased dental office cleaning frequency
- Chlorhexidine gluconate (peridex) rinses (as directed by Dentistry)
- Risk of Oral Hyperpigmentation
- Refractory cases (>3 months)
- Open flap Debridement of teeth (Gingiva reflected away from teeth for cleaning)
- Excision of excess gum tissue (laser, Electrosurgery, scalpel)
IX. Prognosis
- Gingival size typically decreases within 6-12 months of stopping causative medications
X. References
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Related Studies
Definition (MSH) | Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400) |
Definition (CSP) | abnormal multiplication of otherwise normal gingival cells, leading to tissue enlargement. |
Concepts | Pathologic Function (T046) |
MSH | D005885 |
SnomedCT | 441798003, 54711002, 196377003, 196375006, 281051000009101 |
English | Gingival Hyperplasias, Hyperplasia, Gingival, Hyperplasias, Gingival, GUM HYPERPLASIA, gingiva hyperplasia, Hyperplasia of gingivae, Gum hyperplasia, Hyperplasia gum, Hyperplasia of gingiva (disorder), Hyperplasia of gingiva, Gingival Hyperplasia [Disease/Finding], enlargement gingival, gingival enlargement, hyperplasia gingival, gingival hyperplasia, gum hyperplasia, Gingival Hyperplasia, Gingival hyperplasia (disorder), Gingival hyperplasia, gingiva; hyperplasia, gum; hyperplasia, hyperplasia; gingiva, hyperplasia; gum, thickening; gingival |
Portuguese | HIPERPLASIA GENGIVAL, Hiperplasia gengival, Hiperplasia Gengival |
Spanish | HIPERPLASIA GINGIVAL, Hiperplasia de encías, Hiperplasia de encias, hiperplasia de encías (trastorno), hiperplasia gingival, hiperplasia de encías, Hiperplasia gingival, Hiperplasia Gingival |
Dutch | hyperplasie tandvlees, tandvleeshyperplasie, gingiva; hyperplasie, hyperplasie; gingiva, hyperplasie; tandvlees, tandvlees; hyperplasie, verdikking; tandvlees, gingiva-hyperplasie, Gingivahyperplasie, Hyperplasie, gingiva-, Tandvleesverdikking |
German | Hyperplasie des Zahnfleischs, ZAHNFLEISCHHYPERPLASIE, Gingivahyperplasie, Zahnfleischhyperplasie |
Japanese | 歯肉増殖, 歯肉増生, シニクゾウセイ, シニクゾウショク |
Swedish | Tandköttshyperplasi |
Finnish | Ienhyperplasia |
Russian | DESEN GIPERPLAZIIA, DESNY, GIPERPLAZIIA, ДЕСЕН ГИПЕРПЛАЗИЯ, ДЕСНЫ, ГИПЕРПЛАЗИЯ |
French | HYPERPLASIE GINGIVALE, Hyperplasie gingivale, Hyperplasie de la gencive |
Czech | Hyperplazie dásně, Hyperplazie gingivy, dásně - hyperplazie, hyperplazie gingivy, hyperplazie dásní |
Polish | Rozrost dziąseł |
Hungarian | Fogíny hyperplasia, Fogíny hyperplasiája, Hyperplasia fogíny |
Norwegian | Gingival hyperplasi, Tannkjøtthyperplasi |
Italian | Iperplasia gengivale |
Ontology: Gingival Hypertrophy (C0017567)
Definition (MSH) | Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells. |
Concepts | Disease or Syndrome (T047) |
MSH | D005886 |
SnomedCT | 441787004, 54711002 |
English | Gingival Hypertrophies, Hypertrophies, Gingival, Hypertrophy, Gingival, GINGIVA HYPERTROPHIA, GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY, GUM HYPERTROPHY, Hypertrophy of gums, Hypertrophy of gingivae, hypertrophy of gingiva, hypertrophy of gingiva (physical finding), Gingiva hypertrophia, Gingival hypertrophy, Hypertrophy gingival, Gum hypertrophy, Hypertrophy of gingiva, Hypertrophy of gingiva (disorder), Gingival Hypertrophy, Gingival Hypertrophy [Disease/Finding], gingival hypertrophy, gums hypertrophied, gum; hypertrophy, gum; mucous membrane, hypertrophy, hypertrophy; gum, hypertrophy; mucous membrane gum, mucous membrane; gum, hypertrophy, Gingival hypertrophy, NOS, gum; hypertrophy mucous membrane, mucous membrane; hypertrophy gum |
French | HYPERTROPHIE GINGIVALE, Hypertrophie gingivale, Hypertrophie de la gencive, Hypertrophie des gencives |
Portuguese | HIPERTROFIA GENGIVAL, HIPERTROFIA DA GENGIVA, Hipertrofia gengival, Hipertrofia Gengival |
Spanish | HIPERTROFIA GINGIVAL, Hipertrofia de encías, GINGIVAL, HIPERPLASIA, GINGIVAL, HIPERTROFIA, hipertrofia de encías (trastorno), hipertrofia de encías, hipertrofia gingival, Hipertrofia gingival, Hipertrofia Gingival |
German | GINGIVAHYPERTROPHIE, Hypertrophie der Gingiva, GAUMENHYPERTROPHIE, ZAHNFLEISCHHYPERTROPHIE, Gingivahypertrophie, Zahnfleischhypertrophie |
Dutch | tandvleeshypertrofie, hypertrofie tandvlees, gingiva-hypertrofie, hypertrofie; slijmvlies tandvlees, hypertrofie; tandvlees, slijmvlies; tandvlees, hypertrofie, tandvlees; hypertrofie, tandvlees; slijmvlieshypertrofie, gingivale hypertrofie, slijmvlies; hypertrofie tandvlees, tandvlees; hypertrofie slijmvlies, Gingivahypertrofie, Hypertrofie, gingiva- |
Japanese | 歯肉肥厚, 歯肉肥大, 歯肉肥大症, シニクヒダイ, シニクヒダイショウ, シニクヒコウ |
Swedish | Tandköttsförstoring |
Czech | dásně - hypertrofie, Hypertrofie gingivy, Hypertrofie dásně |
Finnish | Ienhypertrofia |
Russian | DESNY, GIPERTROFIIA, DESEN GIPERTROFIIA, ДЕСЕН ГИПЕРТРОФИЯ, ДЕСНЫ, ГИПЕРТРОФИЯ |
Polish | Przerost dziąseł |
Hungarian | Gingiva hypertrophia, Fogíny hypertrophia, Fogíny hypertrophiája, Fogíny-hypertrophia |
Norwegian | Gingival hypertrofi, Tannkjøtthypertrofi |
Italian | Ipertrofia gengivale |