Medication Causes of Hyperprolactinemia

Aka: Medication Causes of Hyperprolactinemia, Medication Causes of Galactorrhea

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II. Causes: Psychotropic Medications

  1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
    1. Responsible for 95% of Galactorrhea cases
    2. Paroxetine (Paxil)
    3. Fluoxetine (Prozac)
    4. Sertraline (Zoloft)
    5. Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
    6. Escitalopram (Lexapro)
    7. Citalopram (Celexa)
    8. Kukreti (2016) J Clin Diagn Res 10(6): VD01-2 [PubMed]
  2. Benzodiazepines (e.g. Alprazolam)
  3. Buspirone (Buspar)
  4. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (e.g. Moclobemide, Clorgiline)
  5. Tricyclic Antidepressants (e.g. Amitriptyline)
  6. Butyrophenones (e.g. Haloperidol)
  7. Phenothiazines (e.g. Thorazine)
  8. Thioxanthenes (e.g. Thiothixene)
  9. Antipsychotics - Second generation (Atypical Antipsychotics)
    1. Risperidone (Risperdal)
    2. Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
    3. Quetiapine (Seroquel)
    4. Amisulpride
  10. Antipsychotics - First generation
    1. Haloperidol (Haldol) or Haloperidol Decanoate
    2. Perphenazine (Trilafon)
    3. Thiothixene HCl (Navane)
    4. Fluphenazine HCl (Prolixin)
    5. Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)
    6. Loxapine (Loxitane)
    7. Molindone (Moban)
    8. Chlorpromazine HCl (Thorazine) - not available in U.S.
    9. Thioridazine HCl (Mellaril) - not available in U.S.

III. Causes: Neurologic Medications

  1. Sumatriptan (Imitrex)
  2. Valproic Acid (Depakene)
  3. Dihydroergotamine (DHE 45)

IV. Causes: Antihypertensives

  1. Methyldopa (Aldomet)
  2. Reserpine
  3. Verapamil
  4. Atenolol

V. Causes: Hormonal preparations

  1. Danazol (Danocrine)
  2. Estrogen (e.g. Premarin)
  3. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (e.g. Depo Provera)
  4. Oral Contraceptives

VI. Causes: Gastrointestinal agents

  1. Phenothiazines (e.g. Compazine)
  2. Metoclopramide (Reglan)
  3. H2 Blockers
    1. Cimetidine (Tagamet) - most common
    2. Famotidine (Pepcid)
    3. Ranitidine (Zantac)

VII. Causes: Other medication causes

  1. Isoniazid
  2. Arginine
  3. Octreotide (Sandostatin)
  4. Rimantadine (Flumadine)
  5. Protease Inhibitors (e.g. Ritonavir, Saquinavir)

VIII. Causes: Controlled substances and Illicit Drugs

  1. Amphetamines
  2. Cannabis (Marijuana)
  3. Cocaine
  4. Opioids
    1. Codeine
    2. Morphine
    3. Heroin
    4. Methadone

IX. Causes: Anesthetic or Analgesic Medications

  1. General Anesthesia
  2. Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)

X. Causes: Herbal and Food Preparations

  1. Anise
  2. Blessed Thistle
  3. Fennel
  4. Fenugreek Seed
  5. Marshmallow
  6. Nettle
  7. Red Clover
  8. Red Raspberry

XI. References

  1. Bruehlman (2022) Am Fam Physician 106(6): 695-700 [PubMed]
  2. Samperi (2019) J Clin Med 8(12):2203 +PMID: 31847209 [PubMed]

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