Naloxone

Aka: Naloxone, Narcan, Very Low Dose Naloxone Protocol, Naloxone Slow Titration Protocol, Evzio, Naloxone Auto-Injector, Kloxxado, Take-Home Naloxone Kit

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II. Indications

  1. Opioid Overdose
    1. Respiratory depression (esp. Respiratory Rate <9 breaths/min or increased EtCO2)
    2. Sedation
    3. Hypotension
    4. Hypoperfusion
  2. Opioid Examples Reversed by Naloxone
    1. Heroin
    2. Methadone
    3. Pentazocine
    4. Propoxyphene
  3. Opioids Requiring Increased Naloxone Dosing
    1. Propoxyphene
    2. Pentazocine (Talwin)
    3. Buprenorphine (Subutex)

III. Mechanism

  1. Pure opioid Antagonist
  2. Action in under 2 minutes
  3. Effect lasts 45 minutes

IV. Pharmacokinetics

  1. Onset: 1-2 minutes
  2. Duration: 1-2 hours

V. Dosing: General

  1. Route:
    1. Reliable: IV, IO, and ET
    2. Erratic absorption: IM and SQ
  2. Single dose
    1. Child
      1. Under 5 years (under 20 kilograms): 0.1 mg/kg
      2. Over 5 years (over 20 kilograms): 2.0 mg
    2. Adult
      1. Dose: 0.4 to 2.0 mg IVP
      2. Start with 0.4 mg if suspecting severe withdrawal
  3. Repeat dosing
    1. May repeat at 2-3 minutes intervals
    2. Maximum total dose: 10 mg (adults)
  4. Infusion (for long acting Narcotic reversal)
    1. Dose: 0.04 to 0.16 mg/kg/h
  5. Indication-based dosing
    1. Respiratory depression: 0.4 mg IV
    2. Cardiac Arrest: 2 mg IV (if possible Overdose induced Cardiac Arrest)
    3. Concern for Opioid Withdrawal (slow titration method)
      1. See below

VI. Dosing: Home Prescriptions

  1. As of 2023, Naloxone 4 mg nasal spray will be available OTC ($50 per 2 dose pack)
    1. (2023) Presc Lett 30(5): 26
  2. Indications: Highest risk patients (but any patient on Chronic Opioids is at risk)
    1. Morphine Equivalent dose >50 mg/day (e.g. Oxycodone 35 mg/day, Fentanyl 25 mcg patch)
    2. Substance Use Disorder or history of Overdose
    3. Long-acting Opioid use
    4. Transitioning Between Opioids
    5. Concurrent use with other CNS Depressants (e.g. Benzodiazepines or Alcohol)
    6. Comorbidities (e.g. Sleep Apnea, COPD, Asthma)
  3. Background
    1. Caregivers or family members could administer the Naloxone in case of Overdose
    2. Risk of withdrawal symptoms
    3. Patients should be brought to medical facility after use of Naloxone, as Half-Life of Opioid may exceed 60-90 min
    4. Naloxone dose may be repeated in 2-3 minutes if no effect with first dose
    5. Home rescue Naloxone may curb the >40 daily lethal Opioid Overdoses in the U.S.
    6. Supply patients with 2 doses to be used in case of Overdose
  4. Auto-Injector
    1. Dose: 0.4 mg IM/SQ delivered by autoinjector
    2. Very expensive (2 injectors for $600, as high as $4100 for Evzio)
    3. Resources: FDA
      1. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm391465.htm
    4. References
      1. Walley (2013) BMJ 346:f174 [PubMed]
  5. Narcan Nasal Spray ($125)
    1. Does not need to be inhaled to be effective
  6. Kloxxado Nasal Spray ($130 for 2 doses)
    1. Contains 8 mg per nasal spray instead of typical 4 mg per nasal spray
    2. However, no obvious advantage to 8 mg dose with higher risk of severe withdrawal
    3. If higher dose is needed, 4 mg spray may be repeated (but typically the duration, not dose is a factor)
    4. (2021) Presc Lett 28(10): 59
  7. Custom Naloxone Home Rescue Kit (compounded by pharmacy)
    1. Naloxone 0.4 mg/ml vials with 2 syringes, administered IM prn Overdose ($50-100) OR
    2. Naloxone 2 mg/2ml in prefilled syringes with 2 atomizers administered intranasal prn Overdose ($80-125)
  8. Take-Home Naloxone Kit
    1. Kit given to patient in the Emergency Department at discharge (instead of prescription)
    2. Prescriptions have low fill rates (2%)
    3. Take-home kits have been associated with 20-30% reduction in mortality for high risk patients
    4. Pensa and Stader (2022) EM:Rap 22(2): 11-2
  9. Myth busting
    1. Naloxone prescriptions do not increase risky behavior
    2. Most U.S. states allow for Naloxone prescriptions to Caregivers
    3. No harm if improperly administered or given to a patient not on Opioids
  10. References
    1. (2018) Presc Lett 25(6): 33
    2. (2016) Presc Lett 23(1): 2-3
    3. (2016) Presc Lett 23(8)

VII. Dosing: Very Low Dose Naloxone Protocol (slow titration method)

  1. Indications: Prevent severe Rebound Pain that would occur with complete Opioid reversal
    1. Cancer Pain
    2. Chronic Pain
  2. Prepare a 0.04 mg/ml Naloxone solution
    1. Start with one Naloxone ampule 0.04 mg/ml
    2. Add saline to make total dose of 10 ml
  3. Dosing protocol
    1. Administer 1-2 ml (0.01 to 0.04 mg) or 1.5 mcg/kg IV or IM
    2. Repeat dose every 3-5 minutes as needed
      1. Titrate dose to Respiratory Rate and mental status

VIII. Precautions

  1. Recurrence of Opioid Intoxication
    1. Occurs if Opioid half life is longer than Naloxone
    2. Infusion may be useful with longer acting Opioids
  2. Caution in pregnancy
    1. Risk of Preterm Labor or Hypertensive Crisis
    2. Infants born to addicted mothers may experience neonatal abstinence syndrome (acute withdrawal, Seizures)
  3. Caution in Opioid Dependence
    1. Limit Naloxone use to apnea
    2. May precipitate Opioid Withdrawal
    3. Consider restraining patient Overdose prior to administration
  4. Naloxone may act as Sympathomimetic
    1. May theoretically exacerbate myocardial irritability

IX. Resources

  1. Naloxone Injection (DailyMed)
    1. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8535cc84-ad4a-4d67-8480-fb5a2e3406f8
  2. Naloxone Nasal Spray (DailyMed)
    1. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=724df050-5332-4d0a-9a5f-17bf08a547e1

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Related Studies

Cost: Medications

naloxone (on 12/21/2022 at Medicaid.Gov Survey of pharmacy drug pricing)
NALOXONE 0.4 MG/ML VIAL Generic $6.49 per ml
NALOXONE 4 MG/10 ML VIAL Generic $6.49 per ml
NALOXONE HCL 4 MG NASAL SPRAY Generic $39.94 each
narcan (on 12/21/2022 at Medicaid.Gov Survey of pharmacy drug pricing)
NARCAN 4 MG NASAL SPRAY Generic $39.94 each
kloxxado (on 4/20/2022 at Medicaid.Gov Survey of pharmacy drug pricing)
KLOXXADO 8 MG NASAL SPRAY $60.00 each
FPNotebook does not benefit financially from showing this medication data or their pharmacy links. This information is provided only to help medical providers and their patients see relative costs. Insurance plans negotiate lower medication prices with suppliers. Prices shown here are out of pocket, non-negotiated rates. See Needy Meds for financial assistance information. GoodRx is another tool for finding lower drug prices.

Ontology: Naloxone (C0027358)

Definition (NCI) A thebaine derivate with competitive opioid antagonistic properties. Naloxone reverses the effects of opioid analgesics by binding to the opioid receptors in the CNS, and inhibiting the typical actions of opioid analgesics, including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, and physical dependence. Naloxone binds to mu-opioid receptors with a high affinity, and a lesser degree to kappa- and gamma-opioid receptors in the CNS.
Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) A substance that is being studied as a treatment for constipation caused by narcotic medications. It belongs to the family of drugs called narcotic antagonists.
Definition (MSH) A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
Definition (CSP) specific opiate antagonist with no agonist activity, a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
Concepts Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Organic Chemical (T109)
MSH D009270
SnomedCT 372890007, 89018006
LNC LP28525-1, MTHU013159
English Naloxone, Morphinan-6-one, 4,5-epoxy-3,14-dihydroxy-17-(2-propenyl)-, (5alpha)-, Naloxone [Chemical/Ingredient], NALOXONE, (-)-Naloxone, naloxone, Naloxone (product), Naloxone (substance), NLX
Swedish Naloxon
Czech naloxon
Finnish Naloksoni
Russian NALOKSON, НАЛОКСОН
Japanese ナルカン, ナルコン, ナロキソン塩酸塩, ナロキソン, ナロキソン臭化水素酸塩, 塩酸ナロキソン
Croatian NALOKSON
Polish Nalokson
Spanish naloxona (producto), naloxona (sustancia), naloxona, Naloxona
French Naloxone
German Naloxon
Italian Nalossone
Portuguese Naloxona
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Narcan (C0684237)

Concepts Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Organic Chemical (T109)
MSH D009270
English Narcan Neonatal, narcan, Narcanti, Boots Brand of Naloxone Hydrochloride, Bristol Myers Squibb Brand of Naloxone Hydrochloride, Bristol-Myers Squibb Brand of Naloxone Hydrochloride, Endo Brand of Naloxone Hydrochloride, Lamepro Brand of Naloxone Hydrochloride, United Drug Brand of Naloxone Hydrochloride, Narcan
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

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