II. Indication
- Pediatric Gait Abnormality
- Intoeing evaluation
III. Technique
- Observe child walk
- Evaluate foot long axis relative to line of walking
- Imagine line from heel to second to third toe
- Estimate angle of foot deviating from this line
IV. Interpretation: Normal rotational angles (varies by age)
- Age 1: -4 to 19 degrees (mean 7 degrees)
- Age 3: -4 to 17 degrees (mean 6 degrees)
- Age 5: -4 to 15 degrees (mean 5 degrees)
- Age 7: -4 to 15 degrees (mean 5 degrees)
- Age 9: -4 to 14 degrees (mean 4 degrees)
V. Interpretation: Abnormal
- Excessively negative Foot Progression Angle (FPA)
- See In-Toeing
- Excessively positive Foot Progression Angle (FPA)
- See Out-toeing
VI. References
- Schmale (2003) AAFP Board Review, Seattle