II. Definitions
- Basal Ganglia
- Collection of Neurons and their nucleii near the Thalamus that function to coordinate movement
- Counters the excitatory signals from the Cerebellum to result in smooth movement
- Interconnections to the Cerebral Hemispheres, Cerebellum, Thalamus and Brainstem
III. Anatomy: Components
- Globus Pallidus
- Dorsal Striatum (Putamen, Caudate Nucleus)
- Medial Dorsal Striatum (Caudate Nucleus)
- Internal Capsule (courses between the Caudate Nucleus and Putamen)
- Lateral Dorsal Striatum (Putamen)
- Nucleus Accumbens
- Substantia Nigra (Midbrain)
- Divided into the pars compacta and pars reticulata
- Melanin containing cells in pars compacta produce Dopamine which is transmitted to the Dorsal Striatum
- Parkinsonism results when Dopamine production is deficient
- Functions
- Movement including eye movement (see Pars compacta as above
- Reward-seeking and addiction
- Divided into the pars compacta and pars reticulata
- Subthalamic Nucleus
IV. Anatomy: Images
-
Lewis (1918) Gray's Anatomy 20th ed (in public domain at Yahoo or BartleBy)
-
Lewis (1918) Gray's Anatomy 20th ed (in public domain at Yahoo or BartleBy)
V. Pathophysiology
- See Movement Disorder
-
Parkinsonism
- Associated with rigid slow movements, resting Tremor, shuffling gait, mask-like facies
- Basal Ganglia degeneration
- Substantia Nigra degeneration
-
Athetosis
- Slow, writhing movements (esp. hand, wrist)
-
Chorea (e.g. Huntington's Chorea, Sydenham's Chorea)
- Sudden, jerky movements
- Hemiballismus
- Sudden, incoordinated flailing of an extremity
VI. References
- Goldberg (2021) Clinical Physiology, Medmaster, Miami, p. 106
- Goldberg (2014) Clinical Neuroanatomy, Medmaster, p. 61-4
- Netter (1997) Atlas Human Anatomy, ICON Learning, p. 104
Calculation (FPnotebook.com: DrBits) Open in New Window
Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)
Related Studies
Definition (NCI) | Clusters of neurons comprising the globus pallidus, putamen, caudate, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus. They are involved with high level aspects of inhibitory motor activity in coordination with the excitation commands issued from the cerebellum. |
Definition (NCI_CDISC) | Clusters of neurons comprising the globus pallidus, putamen, caudate, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus. They are involved with high level aspects of inhibitory motor activity in coordination with the excitation commands issued from the cerebellum. (NCI) |
Definition (MSH) | Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. |
Definition (CSP) | subcortical masses of gray matter of the cerebrum, namely, the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, and clastrum; involved in initiating and directing voluntary movements. |
Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
MSH | D001479 |
SnomedCT | 32610002 |
English | Basal Ganglia, Basal Nuclei, Ganglia, Basal, Ganglion, Basal, Nuclei, Basal, Basal ganglia structure, Basal ganglion, Basal ganglion structure, Basal ganglia structure (body structure), Basal nucleus, Basal ganglion structure (body structure), Basal nucleus structure, Basal ganglia set, Set of basal ganglia, basal ganglion, Set of basal nuclei, BG, basal nuclei, basal ganglia (anatomic), basal ganglia, Nuclei basales, corpus striatum (Savel'ev), Ganglia basales, BASAL GANGLIA, BRAIN, BASAL GANGLIA, Basal ganglia, Basal nuclei structure, Basal ganglia, NOS |
French | Noyaux basaux du télencéphale, Ganglions de la base, Noyaux de la base, Noyaux basaux, Noyaux gris centraux, Noyau basal du télencéphale |
Swedish | Basalganglier |
Spanish | ganglio basal, estructura de los ganglios basales (estructura corporal), estructura de ganglio basal, ganglios basales, estructura de ganglio basal (estructura corporal), estructura de los ganglios basales, estructura de núcleo basal, Ganglios Basales, Núcleos Basales |
Czech | bazální ganglia, bazální jádra |
Finnish | Tyvitumakkeet |
Italian | Ganglio basale, Nuclei basali, Gangli basali |
Russian | BAZAL'NYE GANGLII, OGRADA MOZGA, PODKORKOVYE IADRA, GANGLII BAZAL'NYE, BAZAL'NYE IADRA, БАЗАЛЬНЫЕ ГАНГЛИИ, БАЗАЛЬНЫЕ ЯДРА, ГАНГЛИИ БАЗАЛЬНЫЕ, ОГРАДА МОЗГА, ПОДКОРКОВЫЕ ЯДРА |
Japanese | 前障, 基底神経節, 基底核, 大脳核, 脳幹神経節, 大脳基底核, 脳底神経節 |
Croatian | Not Translated[Basal Ganglia] |
Latvian | Not Translated[Basal Ganglia] |
Polish | Jądra podstawy, Jądra podstawne, Zwoje podstawne, Przedmurze |
Norwegian | Basalganglier |
Portuguese | Núcleos Basais, Gânglios Basais, Gânglios da Base, Núcleos da Base |
German | Basalganglien, Basalkerne, Ganglien, Basal- |
Dutch | Basale ganglia, Basale kernen, Ganglia, basale |
Ontology: Caudate nucleus structure (C0007461)
Definition (FMA) | Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent. |
Definition (NCI) | An elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. (MeSH) |
Definition (NCI_CDISC) | An elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. (MeSH) |
Definition (MSH) | Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. |
Definition (CSP) | elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. |
Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
MSH | D002421 |
SnomedCT | 11000004 |
English | Caudate Nucleus, Nucleus, Caudate, CN - Caudate nucleus, caudatus, caudate nucleus, Cd, Nucleus caudatus, CAUDATE NUCLEUS, Caudatus, Caudatus, Nucleus, Nucleus Caudatus, Caudate nucleus, Caudate nucleus structure (body structure), Caudate nucleus structure, Caudate nucleus, NOS |
Swedish | Nucleus caudatus |
Czech | nucleus caudatus |
Finnish | Häntätumake |
Russian | KHVOSTATOE IADRO, ХВОСТАТОЕ ЯДРО |
Polish | Jądro ogoniaste |
Norwegian | Nucleus caudatus, Halekjerne |
Spanish | estructura del núcleo caudado (estructura corporal), estructura del núcleo caudado, núcleo caudado, Núcleo Caudado |
French | Noyau caudé, Noyau intra-ventriculaire du corps strié, Noyau intraventriculaire du corps strié |
German | Nucleus caudatus |
Italian | Nucleo caudato |
Dutch | Nucleus caudatus |
Portuguese | Núcleo Caudado |
Ontology: Globus Pallidus (C0017651)
Definition (FMA) | Nucleus of brain which is located medially to the putamen and laterally to the internal capsule. |
Definition (NCI) | The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. (MeSH) |
Definition (MSH) | The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. |
Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
MSH | D005917 |
SnomedCT | 279322000, 14738005 |
English | Globus Pallidus, Structure of globus pallidus, globus pallidus (Burdach), pallidum, pallidum broadly defined, globus pallidus, GP, paleostriatum, extended pallidum, pallidum extended, Nucleus pallidus, Structure of globus pallidus (body structure), Pallidums, Pallidum, Paleostriatum, Globus pallidus, GP - Globus pallidus, Globus pallidus structure (body structure), Globus pallidus structure, Globus pallidus, NOS |
Swedish | Bleka klotet |
Czech | globus pallidus |
Spanish | Globo Pálido, Globus Pallidus, Núcleo Pálido, Paleoestriado, estructura del globo pálido (estructura corporal), estructura del globo pálido, globo pálido, paleoestriado, pálido |
Finnish | Linssitumakkeen pallo |
French | Globus pallidus |
Russian | BLEDNYI SHAR, PALEOSTRIATUM, PALLIDUM, БЛЕДНЫЙ ШАР, ПАЛЕОСТРИАТУМ, ПАЛЛИДУМ |
Polish | Gałka blada |
Norwegian | Globus pallidus |
Portuguese | Paleoestriado, Globo Pálido |
German | Globus pallidus, Pallidum |
Italian | Globus pallidus |
Dutch | Globus pallidus |
Ontology: Nucleus Accumbens (C0028633)
Definition (NCI) | A nucleus composed of neurons in the forebrain. |
Definition (MSH) | Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA. |
Definition (PSY) | One of the largest nuclei in the septal region lying anteriorly and medially to the junction of the caudate nucleus and putamen and laterally to the septal nuclei. |
Definition (CSP) | part of the limbic lobe and the hypothalamic-limbic system; collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance; it is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia; involved in narcotic addiction. |
Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
MSH | D009714 |
SnomedCT | 427667007 |
English | Accumbens, Nucleus, Nucleus accumbens (body structure), Nucleus accumbens, Accumbens nucleus, Colliculus of caudate nucleus, Acb, colliculus of caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, accumbens nucleus, Nucleus Accumbens, Nucleus accumbens septi, Colliculus nuclei caudati, Nucleus Accumbens Septi, Nucleus Accumbens Septus, Nucleus, Accumbens, Accumbens Septus, Nucleus, Septus, Nucleus Accumbens, Septi, Nucleus Accumbens, Accumbens Septi, Nucleus, Accumbens Nucleus |
Swedish | Nucleus accumbens |
Czech | nucleus accumbens |
Finnish | Makaava tumake |
Russian | ЯДРО ПРИЛЕЖАЩЕЕ, IADRO PRILEZHASHCHEE |
Spanish | núcleo accumbens, nucleus accumbens (estructura corporal), nucleus accumbens, núcleo accumbens (estructura corporal), Núcleo Accumbens |
Polish | Jądro półleżące |
Norwegian | Nucleus accumbens |
Portuguese | Núcleo Acumbente, Núcleo Accumbens |
French | Noyau accumbens |
German | Nucleus accumbens |
Italian | Nucleo accombente |
Dutch | Nucleus accumbens |
Ontology: Structure of putamen (C0034169)
Definition (FMA) | Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule. |
Definition (NCI) | A structure located in the middle of the brain. The putamen is part of the basal ganglia and together with the caudate forms the striatum that influences motor activity. |
Definition (NCI_CDISC) | The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. (MeSH) |
Definition (MSH) | The largest and most lateral of the BASAL GANGLIA lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and the EXTERNAL CAPSULE. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the LENTIFORM NUCLEUS along with the GLOBUS PALLIDUS. |
Definition (PSY) | The largest and most lateral part of the basal ganglia which, together with the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus, forms the corpus striatum. |
Definition (CSP) | largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule; it is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus; lesions of the putamen produce athetoid movements on the opposite side of the body. |
Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
MSH | D011699 |
SnomedCT | 89278009 |
English | Putamen, Putamens, Pu, putamen, Nucleus putamen, PUTAMEN, Putamens, Nucleus, Nucleus Putamen, Nucleus Putamens, Putamen, Nucleus, Structure of putamen (body structure), Structure of putamen |
Swedish | Putamen |
Czech | putamen |
Finnish | Aivokuorukka |
Russian | SKORLUPA, SKORLUPA CHECHEVITSEOBRAZNOGO IADRA POLOSATOGO TELA, СКОРЛУПА, СКОРЛУПА ЧЕЧЕВИЦЕОБРАЗНОГО ЯДРА ПОЛОСАТОГО ТЕЛА |
Polish | Skorupa-anatomia |
Norwegian | Putamen |
Spanish | estructura del putamen (estructura corporal), estructura del putamen, putamen, Putamen |
French | Putamen |
German | Putamen |
Italian | Putamen |
Dutch | Putamen |
Portuguese | Putamen |
Ontology: Substantia nigra structure (C0038590)
Definition (FMA) | Subdivision of the midbrain anterior to the midbrain tegmentum which contains darkly pigmented neurons. |
Definition (NCI) | A large cell mass extending forward, over the dorsal surface of the crus cerebri, from the rostral border of the pons into the subthalamic region. It is composed of a dorsal stratum of closely spaced pigmented cells, the pars compacta, and a larger ventral region of widely scattered cells, the pars reticulata. The pars compacta includes numerous cells that project forward to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and contain dopamine, which acts as the primary neurotransmitter at the synaptic endings. Other, apparently non-dopaminergic cells project to portions of the ventral nucleus of thalamus, the superior colliculus and reticular formation. The nigrostriatal projection is reciprocated by a striatonigral fiber system with multiple neurotransmitters, chief among which is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The substantia nigra is involved in the metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. |
Definition (NCI_CDISC) | A large cell mass extending forward, over the dorsal surface of the crus cerebri, from the rostral border of the pons into the subthalamic region. It is composed of a dorsal stratum of closely spaced pigmented cells, the pars compacta, and a larger ventral region of widely scattered cells, the pars reticulata. The pars compacta includes numerous cells that project forward to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and contain dopamine, which acts as the primary neurotransmitter at the synaptic endings. Other, apparently non-dopaminergic cells project to portions of the ventral nucleus of thalamus, the superior colliculus and reticular formation. The nigrostriatal projection is reciprocated by a striatonigral fiber system with multiple neurotransmitters, chief among which is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The substantia nigra is involved in the metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. (NCI) |
Definition (CSP) | layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peducles from the anterior parts. |
Definition (MSH) | The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis. |
Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
MSH | D013378 |
SnomedCT | 70007007 |
English | Nigra, Substantia, Nigras, Substantia, Substantia Nigra, Substantia Nigras, SN - Substantia nigra, Nucleus of basis pedunculi, Soemmering's substance, substantia nigras, SN, nucleus of basis pedunculi, substantia nigra, Nucleus pigmentosus subthalamo-peduncularis, substantia nigra (Soemmerringi), SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, BRAIN, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, Substantia nigra, Substantia nigra structure (body structure), Substantia nigra structure |
French | Substance noire, Locus niger de Soemmering, Locus niger, Substantia nigra |
Swedish | Substantia nigra |
Czech | substantia nigra |
Finnish | Mustatumake |
Russian | CHERNOE VESHCHESTVO, ZEMMERINGA VESHCHESTVO, ЗЕММЕРИНГА ВЕЩЕСТВО, ЧЕРНОЕ ВЕЩЕСТВО |
Croatian | SUBSTANTIA NIGRA |
Latvian | Melnā viela |
Polish | Istota czarna |
Norwegian | Substantia nigra |
Spanish | Sustancia Nigra, estructura de la sustancia negra (estructura corporal), estructura de la sustancia negra, sustancia negra, Sustancia Negra |
German | Substantia nigra |
Italian | Sostanza nera |
Dutch | Substantia nigra |
Portuguese | Substância Negra |
Ontology: subthalamic nucleus development (C1818328)
Definition (GO) | The progression of the subthalamic nucleus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The subthalamic nucleus is the lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:mtg_15jun06, ISBN:0878937420] |
Concepts | Organ or Tissue Function (T042) |
English | subthalamic nucleus development |
Ontology: Dorsal striatum (C2333957)
Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
English | Striatum dorsale, dorsal striatum, Dorsal striatum |