II. Definitions
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Part of Autonomic Nervous System with activity that typically counters the Sympathetic Nervous System
- Energy conserving (anabolic) system activated in rest and relaxation situations
- Contrast with the Sympathetic Nervous System, an energy expending system activated in times of stress
- Parasympathomimetic
- Drugs that mimic parasympathetic activity
- Acetylcholine
- Neurotransmitter for autonomic preganglionic Neuron Synapses (CNS to autonomic Ganglion)
- Acetylcholine mediates both preganglionic sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
- Acetylcholine is Neurotransmitter for parasympathetic postganglionic Neurons (autonomic Ganglion to target organ)
- Acts at muscarinic and nictonic Acetylcholine receptors
- Acetylcholine is the Neurotransmitter at the Neuromuscular Junction
- Muscle Contraction is triggered by release of Acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitter for autonomic preganglionic Neuron Synapses (CNS to autonomic Ganglion)
- Choline
- Water soluble B Vitamin that is a precursor to Acetylcholine and phospholipids
- Choline Esters
- Acetyl derivatives bound to Choline by an ester bond
- Hydrolyzed by Cholinesterases, including Acetylcholinesterase
-
Cholinomimetic Alkaloids
- Plant extracts with similar activity as Choline esters (e.g. Acetylcholine), but not susceptible to Cholinesterases
- Other than Nicotine (which acts at Nicotinic Receptors), most are Muscarinic Agonists
III. Physiology: Activity
- Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (Parasympathetic System)
- M1: Increased Stomach acid pepsin
- M2: Decreases Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
- M2: Stimulates bronchoconstriction and Bronchial gland secretion
- M2: Increases gastrointestinal activity (peristalsis) and secretion
- M2: Relaxes gastrointestinal sphincters (e.g. anal sphincter in Defecation)
- M2: Stimulates Urethral relaxation and Bladder contraction
- M2: Mediates Erection (contrast with ejaculation mediated by the Sympathetic System)
- M3: Decreases pupil size (Miosis) and contracts ciliary Muscle (accommodation)
- M3: Stimulates Salivary WATERY secretion (contrast with viscous secretion by the Sympathetic System)
- Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
- Skeletal Muscle Contraction
- CNS and Ganglion Neurotransmission
IV. Anatomy
- Craniosacral division of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Signals originate
- Sacral spinal cord (S2 to S4) supplies urinary and Gastrointestinal Systems
- Brain Stem nucleii (CN 3, CN 7, CN 9, CN 10)
- Preganglion Neurons Synapse at cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs
- Transmitted to target organ
-
Neurotransmitters
- Both preganglionic and postganglionic Neurons release Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine acts at Muscarinic Receptors
- End organs (e.g. heart, lung) on release from postganglionic Neurons
- Central neurotransmission
- Acetylcholine acts at Nicotinic Receptors
- Neuromuscular Junctions (Neurons abutting Muscle fibers)
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia (between preganglionic and postganglionic Neurons)
- Images
V. Pathophysiology
- See Cholinergic Toxicity (e.g. Organophosphate Poisoning)
- See Anticholinergic Toxicity (e.g. Anticholinergic Medication)
VI. References
- Goldberg (2014) Clinical Neuroanatomy, Medmaster, p. 54-60
- Netter (1997) Atlas Human Anatomy, ICON Learning, p. 152-4
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| Definition (MSH) | A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A chemical made by some types of nerve cells. It is used to send messages to other cells, including other nerve cells, muscle cells, and gland cells. It is released from the nerve ending and carries signals to cells on the other side of a synapse (space between nerve cells and other cells). Acetylcholine helps control memory and the action of certain muscles. It is a type of neurotransmitter. |
| Definition (CSP) | neurotransmitter; in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Neuroreactive Substance or Biogenic Amine (T124) , Organic Chemical (T109) |
| MSH | D000109 |
| SnomedCT | 13525006, 387074008, 57308006 |
| LNC | LP15314-5, MTHU007258 |
| English | 2-(Acetyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium, Ethanaminium, 2-(acetyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-, Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine [Chemical/Ingredient], acetylcholine, Acetylcholine preparation (substance), ACETYLCHOLINE, Acetylcholine preparation, Acetylcholine (substance), Acetylcholine preparation (product) |
| Swedish | Acetylkolin |
| Czech | acetylcholin |
| Finnish | Asetyylikoliini |
| Italian | 2-(Acetilossi)-N,N,N-trimetiletanaminio, Acetilcolina |
| Russian | ATSETILKHOLIN, АЦЕТИЛХОЛИН |
| Japanese | アセチルコリン |
| Spanish | acetilcolina (producto), preparado de acetilcolina (producto), preparado de acetilcolina (sustancia), preparado de acetilcolina, acetilcolina (sustancia), acetilcolina, Acetilcolina |
| Croatian | ACETILKOLIN |
| French | 2-(Acétyloxy)-N,N,N-triméthyléthanaminium, Acétylcholine |
| Polish | Acetylocholina |
| German | Acetylcholin |
| Portuguese | Acetilcolina |
Ontology: Choline (C0008405)
| Definition (CHV) | a organic chemical substance found in plants and animal organs |
| Definition (CHV) | a organic chemical substance found in plants and animal organs |
| Definition (NCI_NCI-GLOSS) | A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Choline helps cells make membranes, make a neurotransmitter (a chemical that helps nerve cells communicate with other cells), and remove fat from the liver. It is found in whole milk, beef liver, eggs, soy foods, and peanuts. Choline is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough choline can cause diseases of the heart and blood vessels and damage to the liver. A form of choline is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer and to reduce pain and fever. Choline is also being studied together with vitamin B12 in the prevention and treatment of cancer. |
| Definition (NCI_CRCH) | Water-soluble vitamin that is a precursor for acetylcholine, phospholipids, and the methyl donor betaine. (DRI) |
| Definition (MSH) | A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. |
| Definition (CSP) | essential nutrient that is part of the B-complex family of vitamins and is a constituent of lecithin; it is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism; it also aids in hormone production and is needed for the proper transmission of nerve impulses, liver function and gallbladder regulation. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Organic Chemical (T109) , Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D002794 |
| SnomedCT | 386992005, 65123005, 111156002 |
| English | 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium, Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, 2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium2-hydroxyethyl-trimethyl-ammonium, Choline [Chemical/Ingredient], cholines, CHOLINE, (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium, Vitamin J, Choline preparation (substance), choline, Choline preparation, Choline (substance), Choline preparation (product), Choline |
| Swedish | Kolin |
| Czech | cholin |
| Finnish | Koliini |
| Italian | 2-idrossi-N,N,N-trimetiletanamminio, Colina |
| Russian | FAGIN, BURSIN, KHOLIN, VIDIN, БУРСИН, ВИДИН, ФАГИН, ХОЛИН |
| Japanese | コリン, ビジン, ブルシン, ファジン, シンカリン |
| Spanish | colina (producto), preparado con colina (producto), preparado con colina, preparado de colina (sustancia), preparado de colina, colina (sustancia), colina, Colina |
| Croatian | KOLIN |
| Polish | Cholina |
| French | Bilineurine, Choline |
| German | Cholin |
| Portuguese | Colina |
Ontology: Parasympathetic Nervous System (C0030510)
| Definition (MSH) | The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Definition (CSP) | craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system; generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system; cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord; they synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. |
| Concepts | Body System (T022) |
| MSH | D010275 |
| SnomedCT | 23424009 |
| English | Nervous Systems, Parasympathetic, Parasympathetic Nervous Systems, System, Parasympathetic Nervous, Systems, Parasympathetic Nervous, Nervous System, Parasympathetic, Parasympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system, Pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi, Structure of parasympathetic nervous system, nervous parasympathetic system, parasympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous systems, Parasympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system structure (body structure), Parasympathetic nervous system structure, Parasympathetic nervous system, NOS, Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Swedish | Parasympatiska nervsystemet |
| Czech | parasympatický nervový systém |
| Finnish | Parasympaattinen hermosto |
| Russian | NERVNAIA SISTEMA PARASIMPATICHESKAIA, НЕРВНАЯ СИСТЕМА ПАРАСИМПАТИЧЕСКАЯ |
| Croatian | Not Translated[Parasympathetic Nervous System] |
| Latvian | Nervu sistēma, parasimpātiskā, Parasimpātiskā nervu sistēma |
| Polish | Układ nerwowy parasympatyczny, Układ cholinergiczny, Układ nerwowy przywspółczulny |
| Norwegian | Parasympatiske nervesystem |
| Spanish | estructura del sistema nervioso parasimpático (estructura corporal), estructura del sistema nervioso parasimpático, sistema nervioso parasimpático, Sistema Nervioso Parasimpático |
| French | Système nerveux parasympathique |
| German | Parasympathisches Nervensystem |
| Italian | Sistema nervoso parasimpatico |
| Dutch | Zenuwstelsel, parasympathisch |
| Portuguese | Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático |
Ontology: Parasympathomimetic Agents (C0030512)
| Definition (MSH) | Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) |
| MSH | D010277 |
| SnomedCT | 19581007, 372668005 |
| English | Parasympathomimetics, Agents, Parasympathomimetic, Drugs, Parasympathomimetic, Parasympathomimetic Agents, Parasympathomimetic Drugs, parasympathomimetic agent, parasympathomimetics, parasympathomimetics (medication), parasympathomimetic drugs, parasympathomimetic drug, parasympathomimetic agents, parasympathomimetic, PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS, Parasympathomimetic agents, Parasympathomimetic, Parasympathomimetic agent (product), Parasympathomimetic agent (substance), Parasympathomimetic agent, Parasympathomimetic agent, NOS |
| Swedish | Parasympatomimetika |
| Czech | parasympatomimetika, cholinomimetika |
| Finnish | Parasympatomimeetit |
| French | Médicaments parasympathomimétiques, Agents parasympathomimétiques, Parasympathomimétiques |
| Russian | PARASIMPATOMIMETIKI, ПАРАСИМПАТОМИМЕТИКИ |
| Croatian | PARASIMPATOMIMETICI |
| Polish | Leki parasympatykomimetyczne |
| Japanese | 副交感神経興奮薬, 副交感神経作動剤, 副交感神経作動薬, 副交感神経様作動物質, 副交感神経様作動薬, 副交感神経様作用薬物 |
| Spanish | Efecto Parasimpaticomimético, agente parasimpaticomimético (producto), agente parasimpaticomimético (sustancia), agente parasimpaticomimético, Parasimpaticomiméticos |
| Portuguese | Efeito Parassimpatomimético, Parassimpatomiméticos |
| German | Parasympathikomimetika |
| Italian | Parasimpatomimetici |
Ontology: Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor (C0034826)
| Definition (MSH) | One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for MUSCARINE over NICOTINE. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3....) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology. |
| Definition (CSP) | G protein coupled surface receptor that mediates acetylcholine action on smooth and cardiac muscle and in CNS; may be linked to a potassium channel (membrane polarization) or second messenger systems. |
| Concepts | Receptor (T192) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D011976 |
| SnomedCT | 72984007 |
| English | Muscarinic Receptor, Muscarinic Receptors, Receptor, Muscarinic, Receptors, Muscarinic, Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor, Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Acetylcholine Receptor, Muscarinic, Acetylcholine Receptors, Muscarinic, Receptor, Muscarinic Acetylcholine, Receptors, Muscarinic Acetylcholine, RECEPT MUSCARINIC, MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPT, MUSCARINIC RECEPT, Muscarinic receptor site, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Receptors, Muscarinic [Chemical/Ingredient], muscarinic receptor, muscarinic receptors, muscarinics receptors, Muscarinic receptors, Muscarinic receptor (substance), Muscarinic receptor |
| Swedish | Muskarinreceptorer |
| Czech | receptory muskarinové |
| Finnish | Muskariinireseptorit |
| Russian | RETSEPTORY MUSKARINOVYE, MUSKARINOVYE RETSEPTORY, МУСКАРИНОВЫЕ РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, РЕЦЕПТОРЫ МУСКАРИНОВЫЕ |
| Italian | Recettore muscarinico, Recettore muscarinico dell'acetilcolina, Recettori muscarinici dell'acetilcolina, Recettori muscarinici |
| Croatian | RECEPTORI, MUSKARINSKI |
| Polish | Receptory muskarynowe |
| Japanese | 受容体-ムスカリン, ムスカリン受容体, ムスカリンアセチルコリン受容体, ムスカリンレセプター, ムスカリン性アセチルコリン受容体, ムスカリン様物質受容体, 受容体-ムスカリン様物質, ムスカリン作動性レセプター, ムスカリン性Ach受容器, ムスカリン性受容体, ムスカリン様受容体 |
| Spanish | receptor muscarínico (sustancia), receptor muscarínico, Receptores Muscarínicos de Acetilcolina, Receptores Muscarínicos |
| French | Récepteur muscarinique |
| German | Muskarin-Acetylcholinrezeptoren, Muskarinrezeptoren, Rezeptoren, Muskarin- |
| Portuguese | Receptores Muscarínicos de Acetilcolina, Receptores Muscarínicos |
Ontology: Nicotinic Receptors (C0034830)
| Definition (MSH) | One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors. |
| Definition (CSP) | classic ligand-gated ion channel receptor type, where binding of ligand (acetylcholine) to transmembrane protein oligomer causes channel to open, permitting ion (sodium and potassium) flux and depolarization. |
| Concepts | Receptor (T192) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D011978 |
| SnomedCT | 32180005 |
| English | Nicotinic Receptor, Receptor, Nicotinic, Receptors, Nicotinic, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Acetylcholine Receptor, Nicotinic, Acetylcholine Receptors, Nicotinic, Receptor, Nicotinic Acetylcholine, Receptors, Nicotinic Acetylcholine, nicotinic receptor, NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPT, NICOTINIC RECEPT, RECEPT NICOTINIC, Nicotinic receptor site, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Receptors, Nicotinic [Chemical/Ingredient], acetylcholine nicotinic receptor, nicotinic receptors, receptor nicotinic, Nicotinic receptors, Nicotinic receptor (substance), Nicotinic receptor, Nicotinic Receptors |
| Swedish | Nikotinreceptorer |
| Czech | receptory nikotinové |
| Finnish | Nikotiinireseptorit |
| Russian | RETSEPTORY NIKOTINOVYE, NIKOTINOVYE RETSEPTORY, НИКОТИНОВЫЕ РЕЦЕПТОРЫ, РЕЦЕПТОРЫ НИКОТИНОВЫЕ |
| Italian | Recettore nicotinico dell'acetilcolina, Recettori nicotinici dell'acetilcolina, Recettore nicotinici, Recettori nicotinici |
| Croatian | RECEPTORI, NIKOTINSKI |
| French | Récepteurs nicotiniques, Récepteurs cholinergiques de type nicotinique, Récepteur nicotinique, Récepteur nicotinique de l'acétylcholine, Récepteurs nicotiniques de l'acétylcholine, Récepteurs nicotiniques à l'acétylcholine |
| Polish | Receptory nikotynowe |
| Japanese | ニコチン受容体, 受容体-ニコチン, ニコチンアセチルコリン受容体, ニコチンレセプター, ニコチン性アセチルコリン受容体, ニコチン性受容体, ニコチン様物質受容体, 受容体-ニコチン様物質, ニコチン性アセチルコリンレセプター, ニコチン様受容体 |
| Spanish | receptor nicotínico (sustancia), receptor nicotínico, Receptores Nicotínicos de Acetilcolina, Receptores Nicotínicos |
| German | Nicotinacetylcholinrezeptoren, Nicotinrezeptoren, Rezeptoren, Nicotin- |
| Portuguese | Receptores Nicotínicos da Acetilcolina, Receptores Nicotínicos |
Ontology: Parasympathetic nerve structure (C0459522)
| Concepts | Body Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) |
| SnomedCT | 78390006 |
| English | Parasympath nerve structure, nerves parasympathetic, parasympathetic nerve, Parasympathetic nerve structure (body structure), Parasympathetic nerve, Parasympathetic nerve structure, Parasympathetic nerve, NOS |
| Spanish | estructura del nervio parasimpático (estructura corporal), estructura del nervio parasimpático, nervio parasimpático |
