II. Types
III. Pathophysiology
- Air enters potential space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
-
Tension Pneumothorax may result
- Air accumulates in the pleural space with each breath taken
- Pressure compresses the lung tissue and inhibits venous return with secondary decreased Cardiac Output
IV. Causes: Adults
- Blunt Chest Trauma
- Penetrating Chest Trauma
- Spontaneous Pneumothorax
- Iatrogenic Pneumothorax (secondary to medical procedure)
V. Risk Factors: Newborns (1-3% of births)
- Premature Infant
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
VI. Signs
- Decreased breath sounds
- Hyperresonance to percussion
VII. Imaging
- Chest XRay (End expiratory film)
- Ultrasound
VIII. Precautions
- Until a Chest Tube is placed, Tension Pneumothorax is a risk
- Do not perform Positive Pressure Ventilation, general anesthesia or air transport until Pneumothorax decompression
- Consider Esophageal Rupture in the injured patient with a left Pneumothorax or Hemothorax without a Rib Fracture
IX. Management
- Non-Traumatic Pneumothorax
-
Traumatic Pneumothorax
- Chest Tube at 4-5th intercostal space at the mid-axillary line
- Confirm Chest Tube placement with Chest XRay
- Outside of Hemothorax (and hemopneumothorax), Small Caliber Chest Tubes appear safe in uncomplicated Traumatic Pneumothorax
- Small Caliber Chest Tubes are as effective and significantly less painful than standard Chest Tubes in Pneumothorax
- Kulvatunyou (2014) Br J Surg 101(2): 17-22 [PubMed]
- Chest Tube at 4-5th intercostal space at the mid-axillary line
X. Management: Air travel after Pneumothorax
- Precautions
- Gas (including that in a Pneumothorax) expands up to 30% at 8000 feet of elevation (maximal pressurization of an airplane cabin)
- Partial pressure of oxygen decreases from FIO2 of 21% to 15% at typical flight altitude
- Results in hypobaric Hypoxia
- Healthy patients may decrease Oxygen Saturation from 99 to 92%
- COPD patients with Oxygen Saturation of 92% may drop to 80%
- Guidelines for return to air travel
- Current Pneumothorax is a contraindication to commerical airline flight
- Criteria to allow return to air travel following Pneumothorax in otherwise healthy patients
- End-expiratory Chest XRay demonstrates Pneumothorax resolution AND
- Patient waits additional time beyond resolution on XRay prior to travel
- Spontaneous Pneumothorax: 1 week after Chest XRay shows resolution
- Traumatic Pneumothorax: 2 weeks after Chest XRay shows resolution
- Criteria to allow return to air travel with underlying lung disease (e.g. COPD)
- Above criteria AND
- Pulmonology assessment (may include hypoxic chamber test) to determine safety for flight
- Management of suspected in flight Pneumothorax
- May present as Pleuritic Chest Pain and Dyspnea
- Apply Supplemental Oxygen
- Discuss with flight crew regarding descending to lower altitude and possible diversion
- References
- Jhun and Herbert in Herbert (2014) EM:Rap 14(6): 15
- British Thoracic Society Pneumothorax Guidelines
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| Definition (MSH) | An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL. |
| Definition (MSHCZE) | Přítomnost vzduchu v pleurální dutině, s následným smrštěním (kolapsem) plíce, zhoršením dýchání a nebezpečím hypoxie. Vzduch do pohrudniční dutiny proniká např. při úrazu (traumatický p., zevní p.) nebo při roztržení plíce poškozené onemocněním (prasknutí buly při emfyzému), někdy není příčina zřejmá. Pneumotorax bez zevní vyvolávající příčiny se označuje jako spontánní. Stav se projevuje dušností, bolestí na hrudi, suchým kašlem, v těžkých případech pak selháváním dechových funkcí a oběhu. Závažný je pneumotorax ventilový, kdy při každém nádechu vniká do hrudníku vzduch, který se „ventilově fungujícím“ otvorem nedostane ven; dochází k nárůstu tlaku a kompresi srdce a velkých cév (přetlakový pneumotorax). V některých případech se vzduch sám vstřebá, u jiných je nutný složitější zákrok (odsávání vzduchu, drenáž). Pneumotorax se někdy užíval i léčebně (arteficiální, terapeutický pneumotorax), klasicky při tuberkulóze. (cit. Velký lékařský slovník online, 2012 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ ) |
| Definition (NCI_CTCAE) | A disorder characterized by abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung. |
| Definition (NCI) | Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity. |
| Definition (NCI_CDISC) | Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity. |
| Definition (CSP) | accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. |
| Concepts | Disease or Syndrome (T047) |
| MSH | D011030 |
| ICD10 | J93 , J93.9 |
| SnomedCT | 155612006, 155609008, 196106000, 36118008 |
| LNC | LA7466-1 |
| English | Pneumothorax, pneumothorax disorder, Pneumothorax NOS, Pneumothorax, unspecified, pneumothorax, pneumothorax (diagnosis), Pneumothorax [Disease/Finding], free air in the chest outside the lung, Pneumothorax NOS (disorder), Air in pleural space, PNEUMOTHORAX, Pneumothorax (disorder), Pneumothorax, NOS |
| French | PNEUMOTHORAX, Pneumothorax SAI, Pneumothorax, Pneumothorax spontané |
| Portuguese | PNEUMOTORAX, Pneumotórax NE, Pneumotórax |
| Spanish | NEUMOTORAX, Neumotórax NEOM, neumotórax, SAI (trastorno), Pneumothorax NOS, neumotórax, SAI, neumotórax (trastorno), neumotórax, Neumotórax |
| German | PNEUMOTHORAX, Pneumothorax NNB, Pneumothorax, nicht naeher bezeichnet, Pneumothorax |
| Dutch | pneumothorax NAO, Pneumothorax, niet gespecificeerd, pneumothorax, Pneumothorax, Thorax, pneumo- |
| Italian | Pneumotorace NAS, Pneumotorace |
| Japanese | 気胸, 気胸ＮＯＳ, ｷｷｮｳNOS, ｷｷｮｳ |
| Swedish | Luft i lungsäcken |
| Czech | pneumotorax, Pneumotorax NOS, Pneumotorax, pneumothorax, PNO |
| Finnish | Ilmarinta |
| Russian | PNEVMOTORAKS, ПНЕВМОТОРАКС |
| Korean | 상세불명의 공기가슴증, 공기가슴증 |
| Croatian | PNEUMOTORAKS |
| Polish | Odma opłucnowa |
| Hungarian | Pneumothorax, Pneumothorax k.m.n. |
| Norwegian | Pneumothorax, Luft i lungesekken, Punktert lunge |
