II. Causes: Gross Hematuria
- Gross Hematuria confirmed with Urine Red Blood Cells on urine microscopy
- Urinary tract source
- Urethra or Bladder
- Urinary Tract Infection (cystitis)
- Urethritis (e.g. Sexually Transmitted Infection)
- Bladder Cancer
- Bladder stones
- Instrumentation
- Radiation cystitis
- Interstitial Cystitis
- Pelvic Fracture
- Urethral Stricture
- Prostate
- Ureter or Kidney
- Urolithiasis (Ureterolithiasis, Nephrolithiasis)
- Pyelonephritis
- Malignancy (e.g. Renal Cell Carcinoma)
- Urinary obstruction or strictures
- Kidney Trauma
- Urethra or Bladder
- Non-Urinary tract source
III. Causes: Asymptomatic Gross Hematuria by Incidence
- Acute Cystitis (23%)
- Bladder Cancer (17%)
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (12%)
- Nephrolithiasis (10%)
- Benign essential Hematuria (10%)
- Prostatitis (9%)
- Renal Cancer (6%)
- Pyelonephritis (4%)
- Prostate Cancer (3%)
- Urethral Stricture (2%)
IV. Causes: Pseudohematuria (non-Hematuria related Red Urine)
- Myoglobinuria
- Hemoglobinuria
- Porphyria
- Bilirubinuria
- Red diaper syndrome
- Foods (Beets, Blackberries, Rhubarb)
- Medications
- PhenolphthaleinLaxatives
- Phenothiazines
- Rifampin
- Pyridium
- Phenytoin
- Pyridium
- Senna
V. References
- Dial (2003) AAFP Board Review, Seattle
- Ingelfinger (2021) N Engl J Med 385(2):153-63 +PMID: 34233098 [PubMed]