II. Causes: Anxiety Secondary to Medications or Illicit Drug use
-
Cocaine Abuse
- May induce a manic-like personality
- Amphetamine or Methamphetamine
- Marijuana
- Lysergic Acid (LSD)
- Ephedrine and other Decongestants
- Digoxin Toxicity
- Theophylline toxicity
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
- Neuroleptics
- Methylphenidate
- Corticosteroids
- Anticholinergics
- Caffeine (high dose)
- Clonidine
- Rauwolfia derivatives
- Beta Adrenergic Agonists
III. Causes: Anxiety due to medication or Substance Withdrawal
- Nicotine withdrawal
- Benzodiazepines withdrawal
- Beta-Blocker withdrawal
- Alcohol Withdrawal
- Opioid Withdrawal
- Anticholinergic withdrawal
- Caffeine withdrawal
IV. Causes: Anxiety secondary to cardiopulmonary disease
- Mitral Valve Prolapse
-
Cardiac Arrhythmia
- Atrial Flutter or Atrial Fibrillation (esp. with rapid ventricular rate)
- Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
- Hypertension or Hypotension
- Sleep Apnea
- Asthma
- Recurrent Pulmonary Embolus
V. Causes: Anxiety secondary to endocrine disease
VI. Causes: Anxiety secondary to neurologic disease
- Atypical Migraine Headache
- Parkinson's Disease
- Cerebral Tumor
- Narcolepsy
-
Seizure Disorder
- Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
- Partial Complex Seizure
VII. Causes: Anxiety secondary to miscellaneous conditions
- Inner ear disease
- Labyrinthitis
- Meniere's Disease
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- Acute Hyperventilation syndrome
- Wilson's Disease
- Acute intermittent porphyria
- Lead Poisoning
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus