Intraosseous Access

Aka: Intraosseous Access, Intraosseous Infusion, Intraosseous Cannulation, Intraosseous Line, IO Line, IO Access, Intraosseous Cathether Placement, EZ-IO

advertisement

II. Indications

  1. Emergent Vascular Access
  2. Allows for delivery of most fluids and medications (including Vasopressors), EXCEPT bicarbonate

III. Mechanism

  1. Entry into marrow cavity
  2. Allows rapid delivery into central access
  3. Marrow cavity entered most easily 6 years and younger

IV. Preparation: Intraosseous Needles (e.g. EZ IO)

  1. Pediatric (15 gauge, 1.5 cm long, Red EZ-IO)
    1. Indicated for children under 40 kg
  2. Adult (15 gauge, 2.5 cm long, Blue EZ-IO)
    1. Indicated for children over 40 kg and non-obese adults
    2. Even in obese adults, may use for proximal tibial intraosseous (as long as tibial tuberosity is palpable)
  3. Long (15 gauge, 4.5 cm long, Yellow EZ-IO)
    1. Indicated for large, obese adults
      1. Humerus intraosseous
      2. Proximal Tibial intraossous if the tibial tuberosity is not palpable
  4. Images
    1. cvIO.png
  5. References
    1. Kehrl (2016) Am J Emerg Med 34(9):1831-4 +PMID: 27344097 [PubMed]

V. Preparation: Sites

  1. Images
    1. ioSites.jpg
  2. Medial proximal tibia medial to tibial tuberosity (standard IO site)
    1. Landmark: 2-3 cm below and medial to tibial tuberosity
    2. Insert at flat anteromedial tibial surface
    3. Externally rotate hip to avoid injury to anterior tibial artery
  3. Medial distal tibia proximal to medial malleolus
    1. Hip abducted and externally rotated with knee flexed
    2. Landmark: 2-3 cm proximal to medial malleolus on mid-point of flat medial tibia surface
    3. Insert IO perpendicular to flat tibia surface
      1. Angle IO very slightly proximally (toward knee) to avoid Epiphyseal Plate in children
  4. Proximal Shoulder at greater tubercle (greater tuberosity)
    1. Highest potential IO flow rates, but most at risk for displacement
    2. Positioning
      1. Shoulder internally rotated (must be kept in this position while IO in place to prevent displacement)
      2. Elbow flexed to 90 degrees
      3. Hand should rest on the Abdomen
    3. Needle inserted into anterolateral Shoulder into greater tubercle
      1. Use a longer IO needle
      2. Insertion at 45 degree angle to the anterior plane, 90 degrees in the horizontal plane
      3. Insertion at 2 cm above the surgical neck of the Humerus
  5. Distal femur (child only <= age 6 years)
    1. Palpate the flat portion of the anterior distal femur, several centimeters superior to the knee
    2. Angle 75-80 degrees towards proximal femur, away from knee Physis
    3. Increase the needle size by 1 to ensure adequate depth

VI. Preparation: Patient comfort

  1. Indications for pre-medication
    1. Awake, alert children
  2. Options
    1. Pre-anesthetize the skin with Local Lidocaine injection
    2. Consider Intranasal Fentanyl 1.5 to 2 mcg/kg

VII. Technique: Insertion (EZ-IO)

  1. Identify landmarks for selected insertion site
  2. Prepare site (e.g. Betadine or Hibiclens)
  3. Insert needle at 90 degrees (perpendicular) to skin surface
    1. Insert needle through skin by hand until it contacts bone
    2. At least one black marker (5mm) should be visible above skin margin
    3. If no marker is visible, then use a larger needle instead
  4. Attach needle driver
    1. Gently drive IO needle until bevel is at skin surface
  5. Stabilize needle and remove driver and stylet
  6. Flush the catheter
    1. Anesthetize the site in awake patients prior to fluid or medication infusion
      1. Lidocaine 2% (20 mg/ml preservative free) delivered slowly through Intraosseous catheter
      2. Dose: 0.5 mg/kg up to maximum of 20-40 mg (1-2 ml) in adults of 2% Lidocaine
    2. Flush line with 10 cc Normal Saline
  7. Stabilize and protect catheter to prevent dislodgement
    1. Consider stabilizing with gauze to either side of the catheter
    2. Some use the cut bottom of a cup to place over the IO site
  8. Remove IO within 24 hours

VIII. Technique: Removal (EZ-IO)

  1. Remove attached catheter
  2. Attach sterile syringe via luer-lock
  3. Turn syringe in clockwise direction while gently pulling until EZ-IO is removed
  4. Apply sterile bandage

IX. Complications (<1% of patients)

  1. Tibial Fracture
  2. Anterior tibial artery injury (risk of foot necrosis)
  3. Compartment Syndrome
  4. Skin necrosis
  5. Osteomyelitis

X. Technique: Lab sample via Intraosseous Line

  1. Precautions
    1. Other methods are preferred
    2. Risk of aspirated bone spicules damaging lab analysis equipment
  2. Technique
    1. Blood aspirated from intraosseous and first 2 ml discarded
    2. May be run off i-Stat point of care machines
  3. Labs with unreliable IO results (Avoid)
    1. Complete Blood Count
      1. Unreliable for Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Platelet Count, White Blood Cell Count and differential
    2. Blood Gas
      1. Unreliable for pH (except in acidosis), pCO2, pO2
    3. Serum Potassium
      1. IO source results in falsely elevated Serum Potassium (2 mEq/L higher than serum sample)
  4. Labs with reliable IO results (via i-Stat)
    1. Serum bicarbonate
    2. Base Excess
    3. Serum Sodium
    4. Serum Calcium
    5. Serum Glucose
  5. References
    1. Veldhoen (2014) Resuscitation 85(3): 359-63 [PubMed]

XI. Resources

  1. Vidacare EZ-IO insertion video
    1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWmzVEqWQYg
  2. Dornhofer (2023) Intraosseous Vascular Access, StatPearls
    1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554373/

XII. References

  1. Claudius, Behar, Chang and Santillanes in Herbert (2016) EM:Rap 16(4): 3-4

Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)

These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Intraosseous Access." Click on the image (or right click) to open the source website in a new browser window. Search Bing for all related images

Related Studies

Ontology: Infusions, Intraosseous (C0162590)

Definition (MSH) The administration of medication or fluid through a needle directly into the bone marrow. The technique is especially useful in the management of pediatric emergencies when intravenous access to the systemic circulation is difficult.
Concepts Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure (T061)
MSH D017148
SnomedCT 233562001
English Infusions, Intra-Osseous, Infusions, Intraosseous, Infusion, Intra-Osseous, Infusion, Intraosseous, Infusions, Intra Osseous, Intra-Osseous Infusion, Intra-Osseous Infusions, Intraosseous Infusion, Intraosseous Infusions, Intra-osseous infusion, Intra-osseous infusion (procedure)
Swedish Infusioner, intraossösa
Finnish Luunsisäiset infuusiot
Russian VNUTRIKOSTNYE INFUZII, VNUTRIKOSTNYE VLIVANIIA, INFUZII VNUTRIKOSTNYE, ВНУТРИКОСТНЫЕ ВЛИВАНИЯ, ВНУТРИКОСТНЫЕ ИНФУЗИИ, ИНФУЗИИ ВНУТРИКОСТНЫЕ
French Perfusions intra-osseuses, Perfusions intraosseuses
Czech infúze intraoseální, intraoseální infúze
Polish Wlew śródkostny
Japanese 経骨髄注入, 経骨髄投与, 投与-経骨髄, 注入-経骨髄
Norwegian Infusjoner, intraosseøse, Intraosseøse infusjoner
Portuguese Infusões Intraósseas
Spanish infusión intraósea (procedimiento), infusión intraósea, Infusiones Intraóseas
German Infusionen, intraossale, Infusionen, intraossäre
Italian Infusioni intraossee
Dutch Infusie, intraossale, Infusies, intraossale, Intraossale infusie
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Intraosseous cannulation (C2316102)

Concepts Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure (T061)
SnomedCT 430824005
English Intraosseous cannulation (procedure), Intraosseous cannulation
Spanish canulación intraósea, canulación intraósea (procedimiento)
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Ontology: Intraosseous cathether placement (C3687081)

Concepts Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure (T061)
SnomedCT 37691000009106
English Intraosseous cathether placement, Intraosseous cathether placement (procedure)
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)

Related Topics in Procedure

advertisement

2025 Family Practice Notebook, LLC. Terms | Privacy | About | Site Map | Newsletter | Blog

Footer Site Logo