II. Epidemiology
III. Pathophysiology
- Low grade inflammation and Apophysitis at achilles tendon insertion
- Associated with irregular ossification
- Sclerosis of calcaneal apophysis
- Images
IV. Mechanism
- Traction injury of the achilles tendon insertion at the Calcaneus
V. Risk Factors
- Tight heel cord
- Running or jumping sports
- Early sports specialization
VI. Symptoms
- Heel Pain with insidious onset (often bilateral)
- Wearing shoes is painful (esp. soccer cleats)
- Ambulation is not painful (but weight bearing may exacerbate the pain)
- Pain is worse at the begining of a season or during a growth spurt
VII. Signs:
- Point tenderness over the achilles tendon insertion
-
Calcaneus inflammation
- Local pain
- Tenderness
- Swelling
- Tight heel cord
- Passive dorsiflexion of heel cord reproduces pain
- Provocative Testing (>95% Test Sensitivity and Test Specificity)
- Calcaneal Squeeze Test (medial and lateral compression of Calcaneus)
- One legged heel standing
VIII. Differential Diagnosis
IX. Imaging: Foot Xray
- Indications
- Severe symptoms or refractory cases (e.g. >8 weeks)
- Typically normal
- May demonstrate sclerosis of calcaneal apophysis
- However sclerosis also seen in normal, asymptomatic feet
- Evaluate for alternative diagnoses (e.g. Calcaneal Stress Fracture)
X. Management
-
General Measures
- NSAIDs or Acetaminophen
- Local heat
- Ice Therapy
- Relative Rest
- Limit activity to pain free sports during recovery
- Physical Therapy
- Calf and Heel Cord StretchingExercises
- Focus on gastrocnemius Muscle and soleus muscle Stretching
-
Orthotics
- Padded heel cup
- Heel lift (1.25 cm)
- Diminishes heel cord stress
-
Short Leg Walking Cast (resistant cases)
- Foot in slight equinus (plantar flexion)
XI. Course
- Anticipate return to activity within 6 weeks
- Anticipate full recovery within 2 months
XII. Prognosis
- Self limited condition with good overall prognosis
XIII. References
- Achar (2019) Am Fam Physician 99(10): 610-8 [PubMed]
- Atanda (2011) Am Fam Physician 83(3): 285-91 [PubMed]
- Lintner (2023) Am Fam Physician 108(6): 544-553 [PubMed]
- Madden (1996) Am Fam Physician 54(6):1995-2000 [PubMed]
- Ogden (2004) J Pediatr Orthop 24(5): 488-92 [PubMed]
- Tu (2018) Am Fam Physician 97(2):86-93 [PubMed]
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Related Studies
Concepts | Disease or Syndrome (T047) |
ICD10 | M92.8 |
SnomedCT | 156820001, 268124001, 23890000 |
English | Osteochondritis of calcaneum, calcaneal apophysitis (diagnosis), juvenile osteochondrosis of calcaneum (diagnosis), juvenile osteochondrosis of calcaneum, calcaneal apophysitis, diseases sever's, sever's disease, Calcaneal apophysitis, Epiphysitis of os calcis, Juvenile osteochondrosis of calcaneum, Osteochondritis of the calcaneum, Sever's disease, Calcaneal apophysitis (disorder), calcaneo-apophysitis, calcaneus; apophysitis, Sever; osteochondrosis, Sever, osteochondrosis; Sever, apophysitis; calcaneus, Epiphysitis, os calcis, Osteochondrosis of calcaneum, Osteochondrosis of Sever |
Italian | Malattia di Sever |
Japanese | シーバー病, シーバービョウ |
Czech | Severova nemoc |
Hungarian | Sever-betegség |
Dutch | Sever; osteochondrose, apofysitis; calcaneus, calcaneus; apofysitis, osteochondrose; Sever, ziekte van Sever |
Spanish | apofisitis calcánea (trastorno), apofisitis calcánea, enfermedad de Sever, epifisitis del calcáneo, osteocondritis del calcáneo, osteocondrosis juvenil del calcáneo, Enfermedad de Sever |
Portuguese | Doença de Sever |
French | Maladie de Sever |
German | Sever-Krankheit |