II. Indications: Bronchoscopy mediated orotracheal intubation - Anticipated Difficult Airway
- Epiglottitis
- Mandible Fracture
- Angioedema
- Airway Burns
- Ludwig's Angina
III. Contraindications
- Uncooperative patient
- Conditions that obscure scope visibility (airway bleeding)
- Persistent Hypoxia (cannot oxygenate scenarios)
- Awake intubation requires enough time for effective topical Anesthesia
- Apnea
- Patients must be maintaining adequate respiratory effort until airway is established
IV. Management: Required Equipment
- Flexible fiberoptic scope >60 cm
- Intubating Oropharyngeal Airway (e.g. Berman)
- Oropharyngeal Airway with a large central hole that accepts an Endotracheal Tube
-
Endotracheal Tube (7.0 to 8.0)
- Warm the Endotracheal Tube in a pocket or warmer to soften
- Flexible tip ET Tubes are available (Parker Flex-tip)
-
Anesthetic
- Lidocaine 4% aqueous solution
- Lidocaine 4-5% ointment (e.g. LMX)
-
Anesthesia Applicators
- Tongue blades
- Cotton-tipped applicators
- Atomizers (e.g. MADD, preferably on a tube that can be inserted into posterior pharynx)
- Consider Sedation
- Avoid if possible
- Midazolam 1-2 mg IV in adults
- Dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg IV over 10 minutes
- Ketamine 0.1 to 0.15 mg/kg IV doses in adults
V. Management: General
- Consider alternatives
- Intubation may be performed via an I-Gel or LMA with an endoscope used through the airway
- Position patient in comfortable, semirecumbent position to maximize oxygenation (typically 30 degrees)
- Patient placed in upright or semi-upright position (ramp position and reverse trandelenberg)
- Assistant performs cervical extension or Jaw Thrust during intubation
- Consider patient arm restraints
- Continue oxygenation via nose
- High Flow Nasal Cannula 30 to 60 L/min (preferred) OR
- Nasal Cannula at 15 L/min
- Avoid Emesis!
- Administer prophylactic Antiemetic (e.g. Ondansetron or Zofran 4-8 mg IV)
- Dry the airway
- A wet airway is difficult to topicalize with Anesthetic
- Suction the airway
- Consider drying agents if no significant delay
- Glycopyrrolate 0.2 to 0.4 mg IV (wait 2 minutes after administration)
VI. Management: Oropharynx Anesthesia
- Adequate topical Anesthesia is critical to success of awake intubation
- Anesthetize the Tongue
- Reduce the Gag Reflex with a Glossopharyngeal Nerve block
- Dip 2 small cotton-tipped applicators in aqueous Lidocaine
- Apply 1 applicator to each base of the Tonsillar Pillars
- Leave cotton-tipped applicators in place for 2 minutes
- Atomize Lidocaine into the posterior pharynx and airway (esp. eliminating Gag Reflex)
- Additional Lidocaine is applied to Vocal Cords via scope
- See below
- Specialized laryngeal atomizing device (MADgic, if available) to topicalize the Vocal Cords
- Inserted via Laryngoscope and Lidocaine 4% 3 ml atomized directly at the cords
- Device is bent to approximate the Laryngoscope Blade (e.g. hyperangulated glidescope)
- Avoid Nebulized Lidocaine
- Most of Nebulized Lidocaine is delivered to alveoli
- Alveolar Lidocaine absorption may be very high
- Increased risk of LAST Reaction when combined with other Anesthetic exposures
VII. Technique: Fiberoptic Oropharyngeal Insertion
- Requires adequate topical airway Anesthesia (see above)
- Liberal use of topical orotracheal Anesthesia prevents Vomiting (see above)
- Any gagging by patient during the procedure should be met with repeat Anesthesia application
- Load ET Tube into the Intubating Oropharyngeal Airway
- The tube tip should be Preloaded so that it does not protrude yet from the Oropharyngeal Airway
- Pass the endoscope into the ET Tube (as it passes through the Oropharyngeal Airway)
- The scope will exit the Oropharyngeal Airway just above the Vocal Cords
- Use the scope port to spray 4% Lidocaine aqueous solution over the cords before advancing tube
- Once endoscope is sufficiently through the Vocal Cords, slide the Endotracheal Tube into position
- If unable to advance Endotracheal Tube, consider rotating the tube 90 degrees
- Lens fogging
- Clean lens with warm soapy water prior to procedure
- Flush oxygen through endoscope suction port
- Gently tap lens against the mucosa
- Once ET Tube is placed within the airway, start induction/start agent (e.g. Ketamine)
VIII. References
- (2025) Airway Management, Hospital Procedures Course
- Goodwin in Walls (2012) Emergency Airway Management, 3rd Ed, Lippincott, Philadelphia, p. 105-11
- Laurin and Schandera (2024) Difficult Airway Course, attended 9/7/2024
- Levitan (2013) Practical Airway Management Course, Baltimore
- Mason, Herbert, Weingart and Merriman in Herbert (2016) EM:Rap 16(7):10-11
- Warrington (2019) Crit Dec Emerg Med 33(12): 14