II. Physiology: Overall Process
- Images
- Step 1: Renin release
- Stimulators of renin release
- Kidney detects decreased effective Blood Flow
- Increased sympathetic tone
- Renal Artery Stenosis
- Renin secreted from renal cortex
- Secreted from juxtaglomerular cells
- Cells located at afferent arteriole of glomerulus
- Stimulators of renin release
- Step 2: Renin mediated step
- Renin cleaves Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
- Step 3: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mediated
- Angiotensin I converted by ACE to Angiotensin II
- Conversion by ACE occurs in pulmonary vasculature
- Step 4: Angiotensin II Effects
- Sodium and water retention
- Stimulates Aldosterone secretion
- Directly affects renal tubule
- Vasomotor tone balance
- Angiotensin II is a potent Vasoconstrictor
- Increases systemic vascular resistence
- May be Norepinephrine mediated
- Antagonist to nitric oxide (potent vasodilator)
- Angiotensin II is a potent Vasoconstrictor
- Sodium and water retention
III. Physiology: Angiotensin II Effects
- Increases oxygen demand
- Increases coronary and renal Vasoconstriction
- Increases Preload and Afterload
- Predisposes to Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Increases Catecholamine release (e.g. Norepinephrine)
- Increases Aldosterone
IV. Agents that decrease Angiotensin II levels
V. References
- Rose (1987) Pathophysiology of Renal Disease, p. 474-7
- Bicket (2002) Am Fam Physician 66(3):461-8 [PubMed]
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Related Studies
| Definition (CSP) | a serum alpha-globulin synthesized in the liver, which is cleaved by renin to form angiotensin I. |
| Definition (MSH) | An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively. |
| Concepts | Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D000808 |
| SnomedCT | 54592005 |
| LNC | LP15390-5, MTHU008275 |
| English | Hypertensinogen, Proangiotensin, Renin Substrate, Renin-Substrate, Angiotensinogen (protein renin substrate), Angiotensinogen, Serpin A8, Angiotensinogen [Chemical/Ingredient], angiotensinogen, renin substrate, Angiotensinogen (substance) |
| Swedish | Angiotensinogen |
| Czech | angiotensinogen |
| Finnish | Angiotensinogeeni |
| French | Proangiotensine, Substrat de la rénine, Angiotensinogène, Hypertensiogène |
| Russian | GIPERTENZINOGEN, RENIN-SUBSTRAT, ANGIOTENZINOGEN, АНГИОТЕНЗИНОГЕН, ГИПЕРТЕНЗИНОГЕН, РЕНИН-СУБСТРАТ |
| Italian | Substrato reninico, Ipertensinogeno, Angiotensinogeno |
| Polish | Hipertensynogen, Angiotensynogen |
| Japanese | アンギオテンシノーゲン, アンジオテンシノゲン, アンジオテンシノーゲン, ハイパーテンシノーゲン, レニン基質 |
| Spanish | angiotensinógeno (sustancia), angiotensinógeno, Renina-Sustrato, Angiotensinógeno, Hipertensinógeno |
| German | Angiotensinogen, Hypertensinogen, Reninsubstrat |
| Portuguese | Angiotensinogênio, Hipertensinogênio, Substrato da Renina |
Ontology: Angiotensins (C0003018)
| Definition (NCI) | Expressed in liver by human AGT Gene (Serpin Family), secreted 485-aa 53-kDa Angiotensinogen is cleaved by renin (in response to lowered blood pressure) to inactive decapeptide Angiotensin I, which is cleaved by ACE to generate active octapeptide vasopressor Angiotensin II (maintains blood pressure and regulates the volume and mineral balance of body fluids). Angiotensin II is cleaved to Angiotensin III heptapeptide, an aldosterone stimulant. |
| Definition (CSP) | angiotensin I, an inactive decapeptide, is cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme to form the octapeptide angiotensin II, a powerful vasopressor, which is then cleaved to the heptapeptide angiotensin III, an aldosterone stimulant. |
| Definition (MSH) | Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized. |
| Concepts | Pharmacologic Substance (T121) , Biologically Active Substance (T123) , Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) |
| MSH | D000809 |
| SnomedCT | 304274007, 9974009 |
| LNC | LP40491-0 |
| English | Angiotensin, Angiotensins, Angiotensins [Chemical/Ingredient], angiotensin, angiotensins, Angiotensin (substance), Angiotensin, NOS |
| Swedish | Angiotensiner |
| Czech | angiotensiny |
| Finnish | Angiotensiinit |
| Russian | ANGIOTENZINY, ANGIOTENZIN, АНГИОТЕНЗИН, АНГИОТЕНЗИНЫ |
| Italian | Angiotensina, Angiotensine |
| Croatian | ANGIOTENZINI |
| Polish | Angiotensyny |
| Japanese | アンギオテンシン, アンギオテンシン類, アンギオトニン, アンジオテンシン, アンジオテンシン類, アンジオトニン, ハイパーテンシン |
| Norwegian | Angiotensiner, Angiotensin |
| Spanish | angiotensina (sustancia), angiotensina, Angiotensina, Angiotensinas |
| French | Angiotensines, Angiotensine |
| German | Angiotensine, Angiotensin |
| Portuguese | Angiotensina, Angiotensinas |
Ontology: Renin (C0035094)
| Definition (CHV) | an enzyme released by the kidneys that helps regulate blood pressure |
| Definition (CHV) | an enzyme released by the kidneys that helps regulate blood pressure |
| Definition (NCI) | Renin (406 aa, ~45 kDa) is encoded by the human REN gene. This protein plays a role in activation of angiotensin. |
| Definition (CSP) | do not confuse with "rennin" which is another name for CHYMOSIN, EC 3.4.23.4. |
| Definition (MSH) | A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19. |
| Concepts | Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein (T116) , Enzyme (T126) |
| MSH | D012083 |
| SnomedCT | 112052004 |
| LNC | LP15273-3, LP32149-4, MTHU003186 |
| English | Angiotensin Forming Enzyme, Angiotensin-Forming Enzyme, Angiotensinogenase, Renin, angiotensin forming enzyme, angiotensinogenase, Renin [Chemical/Ingredient], renin, renins, EC 3.4.23.15, Renin Precursor, Renal, Angiotensin-forming enzyme, Renin (substance) |
| Swedish | Renin |
| Czech | renin |
| Finnish | Reniini |
| Russian | RENIN, ANGIOTENZINOGENAZA, ANGIOTENZIN-OBRAZUIUSHCHII FERMENT, АНГИОТЕНЗИН-ОБРАЗУЮЩИЙ ФЕРМЕНТ, АНГИОТЕНЗИНОГЕНАЗА, РЕНИН |
| Japanese | アンジオテンシン形成酵素, アンジオテンシノゲナーゼ, アンギオテンシン形成酵素, レニン, アンギオテンシノゲナーゼ |
| French | Angiotensinogénase, Rénine |
| Croatian | RENIN |
| Polish | Renina |
| Spanish | angiotensinogenasa, enzima formadora de angiotensina, renina (sustancia), renina, Renina, Angiotensinogenasa, Enzima Formadora de Angiotensina |
| German | Angiotensin-I-bildendes Enzym, Angiotensinogenase, Renin |
| Italian | Renina |
| Portuguese | Renina, Angiotensinogenase, Enzima Formadora de Angiotensina |
