II. Causes: Negative
- Normal
III. Causes: Positive (percentage refers to sensitivity)
-
Sjogren's Syndrome (40%)
- Associated with Sjogren's of secondary cause
-
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (15%)
- Associated with late onset Systemic Lupus
- Associated with neonatal lupus syndrome
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (5%)
- Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Syndrome
- Systemic Sclerosis (1%)
- Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (<5%)
IV. References
- Gladman in Klippel (1997) Rheumatic Diseases p. 255-6
- Peng in Ruddy (2001) Kelley's Rheumatology, p. 161-72
- Callegari (1995) Postgrad Med, 97(4):65-74 [PubMed]
- Lane (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(6):1073-80 [PubMed]