II. Causes: Negative
- Normal
III. Causes: Positive (Percentage refers to Test Sensitivity)
- Non-Specific (seen in many disorders)
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (50%)
- Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus (90%)
- Autoimmune Hepatitis
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Myositis
- Scleroderma
IV. References
- Gladman in Klippel (1997) Rheumatic Diseases p. 255-6
- Peng in Ruddy (2001) Kelley's Rheumatology, p. 161-72
- Callegari (1995) Postgrad Med, 97(4):65-74
- Ali (2018) Am Fam Physician 98(3): 164-70 [PubMed]
- Lane (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(6):1073-80 [PubMed]