II. Causes: Negative

  1. Normal

III. Causes: Positive (Percentage refers to Test Sensitivity)

  1. Non-Specific (seen in many disorders)
  2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (50%)
  3. Drug induced Lupus Erythematosus (90%)
  4. Autoimmune Hepatitis
  5. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
  6. Myositis
  7. Scleroderma

IV. References

  1. Gladman in Klippel (1997) Rheumatic Diseases p. 255-6
  2. Peng in Ruddy (2001) Kelley's Rheumatology, p. 161-72
  3. Callegari (1995) Postgrad Med, 97(4):65-74
  4. Ali (2018) Am Fam Physician 98(3): 164-70 [PubMed]
  5. Lane (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(6):1073-80 [PubMed]

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