II. Epidemiology
- Much less common than Pectus Excavatum
- More common in males by ratio of 4:1
III. Causes and associated conditions
- Family History in 30% of cases
- Rickets
- Marfan's Syndrome
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Scoliosis (asymmetric thorax)
- Poland's Syndrome
IV. Pathophysiology
- Softened upper ribs bend forwards
- Progresses as child grows
V. Signs
- Opposite of Pectus Excavatum
- Narrow thorax with increased anteroposterior diameter
- Sternum protrudes from chest like keel of ship
VI. Complications
- Significant cosmetic concerns
VII. References
- Degowin (1987) Bedside Exam, Macmillan, p. 274
- Townsend (2001) Sabiston Surgery, p. 1169-70