Vector Borne Disease

Aka: Vector Borne Disease, Vector-Borne Infection, Mosquito-Borne Disease, Mosquito-Borne Illness, Mosquito Borne Infection

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II. Epidemiology

  1. Vector Borne Disease causes 17% of worldwide infections (in 2016)

III. Precautions

  1. See Fever in the Returning Traveler
  2. See Fever of Unknown Origin
  3. Consider vector borne illness in those with fever or flu-like illness in late spring and summer
  4. Consider travel history and potential exposures to endemic vectors (e.g. deer Tick Bites)

IV. Trasmission: U.S. Vector borne illness

  1. Mosquitoes
    1. Dirofilariasis
    2. Zika Virus
    3. Dengue (Puerto Rico, Texas, Florida, Hawaii)
    4. EncephalitisArboviruses
      1. California (including LaCrosse) Encephalitis
      2. Saint Louis Encephalitis
      3. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
      4. Western equine Encephalitis
      5. West Nile Virus Encephalitis (most common vector-borne virus in U.S. as of 2016)
  2. Ticks
    1. See Tick Borne Illness
    2. Babesiosis (Babesia Microti)
    3. Colorado Tick Fever (arenavirus)
    4. Ehrlichiosis
      1. Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
      2. Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
    5. Epidemic Typhus (Rickettsia canadensis)
    6. Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi)
    7. Borrelia miyamotoi
      1. Spirochete carried by Ixodes ticks (and may coinfect with Borrelia Burgdorferi)
      2. Causes Relapsing Fever
    8. Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    9. Powassan Encephalitis
    10. Q Fever (Coxiella Burnetii)
    11. Relapsing Fever
    12. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
      1. Only Tick Borne Illness with consistent Centripetal Rash (peripheral to central spread)
    13. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
  3. Fleas
    1. Murine Typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
    2. Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    3. Dipylidiasis (ingestion of fleas)
  4. Flies
    1. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
  5. Lice
    1. Epidemic Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii)
    2. Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    3. Trench Fever (Rochalimaea quintana)
  6. Mites
    1. Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari)

V. Transmission: Worldwide Vector Borne illnesses

  1. Malaria
  2. Schistosomiasis
  3. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
    1. Dengue (most common vector-borne virus worldwide)
    2. Lassa Fever
  4. Typhus
  5. Rickettsial
  6. Rift Valley Fever
  7. Trypanosomiasis
    1. African: Sleeping sickness (Tsetse flies)
    2. American: Chagas Disease (Reduviid bugs)
  8. Yellow Fever
  9. Zika Virus

VI. Prevention

  1. See Prevention of Vector-borne Infection

VII. References

  1. Della-Giustina, Fox and Siegel (2021) Crit Dec Emerg Med 35(4): 17-23
  2. Edlow (1999) Ann Emerg Med 33:680-93 [PubMed]
  3. Gayle (2001) Am Fam Physician 64(3):461-6 [PubMed]
  4. Spach (1993) N Engl J Med 329:936-47 [PubMed]
  5. Taege (2000) Cleve Clin J Med 67:241-9 [PubMed]

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