II. Causes: Extrinsic Staining (typically temporary staining of teeth after eruption)
-
Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (Augmentin)
- Superficial yellow or brown stain
- May persist for weeks to months
- May be confused with Tooth Decay
-
Chlorhexidine (Peridex)
- Yellow or brain stain
- Reduce use of red wine coffee, tea or beats, chromogens that may compound peridex staining
-
Iron Preparations (liquids)
- Superficial brown or black staining
- Mix dose with water or juice and drink with straw (or take as tablet instead)
- Stains are removed by brushing with Baking Soda or Hydrogen Peroxide
-
Linezolid
- Brown staining occurs with >1 week of use (at 600 mg twice daily) and is reversible in most cases
- Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim)
- Rare yellow, brown or black staining, primarily associated with liquid preparation
- Miscellaneous other agents in medications
- Iodine
- Sulfides
- Silver Nitrate
- Manganese
- Copper
- Nickel
- Cadmium
- Essential Oils
III. Causes: Intrinsic Staining (typically permanent staining of teeth before eruption)
-
Tetracycline
- Yellow, brown or gray staining
- DO NOT use in children under age 8 (age 12 in Canada)
- Incorporated into developing enamel
- Even a single dose can stain teeth
-
Doxycycline
- Yellow, brown or gray staining, that is much less common with Doxycycline than with Tetracycline
- Avoid in age <8 years, except in certain vector borne illness where alternative options are lacking
-
Minocycline
- Green, blue or gray staining
- Typically seen with prolonged use over 100 mg/day
- Staining risk may be reduced with Vitamin C supplementation
-
Fluorosis (Chronic excessive fluoride intake)
- See Fluoride Toxicity
- Results in mottled dental enamel
IV. Management
- See Tooth Whitener
- Professional dental cleaning
V. Prevention
- Rinse mouth after using causative agents
VI. References
- Bryant (2016) Presc Lett 23(9)