II. Causes: Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis - Age related Osteomyelitis organisms
- All Ages
- Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Adults and children
- Age under 4 months
- Age 4 months to 4 years old
- Staphylococcus Aureus
- Streptococcus Pneumoniae
- Streptococcus Pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
- Haemophilus Influenzae was previously common prior to being part of primary Immunization series
- Kingella kingae
- Age 4 to 16 years
- Age over 16 years and adults
- Staphylococcus Aureus
- Most common
- MRSA accounts for one third of staphylococcal infections
- Staphylococcus Aureus
III. Causes: Acute Contiguous Osteomyelitis
- Staphylococcus Aureus
- Coagulase-negative staphylococci (esp. Staphylococcus Epidermidis)
- Gram Negative Bacilli
- Streptococcus species
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
IV. Causes: Chronic Osteomyelitis
- Staphylococcus Aureus
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- Enterobacteriaceae (Serratia Marcescens, Escherichia coli)
- Streptococcal species
- Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)
- Autoinflammatory, non-infectious recurrent bone inflammation in children
- Affects long bones, Vertebrae and clavicles
- Presents with mild or absent systemic symptoms and sterile biopsies
V. Causes: Mechanism of Injury related Osteomyelitis organisms
- Foreign Body
- Propionibacterium
- Coagulase negative Staphylococcus
- Nosocomial Infection
- Human or Animal Bites or fist injuries to mouth
- Streptococcus
- Anaerobic Bacteria
- Pasteurella Multocida
- Eikenella corrodens
- Endemic infection exposure
VI. Causes: Comorbid condition related Osteomyelitis organisms
- Diabetes Mellitus (polymicrobial)
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
-
Immunocompromised conditions
- Aspergillus
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
- Candida albicans (most cases are surprisingly in immunocompetent patients)
-
IV Drug Abuse
- Polymicrobial infection in 46%
- Staphylococcus Aureus (52%)
- Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (20%)
- Gram-negative organisms (19%)
- Anaerobes (19%)
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (7%)
- Serratia Marcescens
- Allison (2010) Clin Orthop Relat Res 468(8): 2107–12 +PMID:20174899 [PubMed]
VII. References
- (2019) Sanford Guide, accessed On IOS 10/26/2019
- Hatzenbuehler (2011) Am Fam Physician 84(9): 1027-33 [PubMed]
- Boutin (1998) Orthop Clin North Am 29:41-66 [PubMed]
- Bury (2021) Am Fam Physician 104(4): 395-402 [PubMed]
- Carek (2001) Am Fam Physician 63(12):2413-20 [PubMed]
- Dirschl (1993) Drugs 45:29-43 [PubMed]
- Eckman (1995) JAMA 273:712-20 [PubMed]
- Haas (1996) Am J Med 101:550-61 [PubMed]
- Lew (1997) N Engl J Med 336:999-1007 [PubMed]
- Lipsky (1997) Clin Infect Dis 25:1318-26 [PubMed]
