II. Indications
- Fetal Monitoring intensity (e.g. continuous or intermittent monitoring)
III. Risk Factors: Antenatal
- Fetal factors
- Abnormal umbilical artery velocimetry
- Breech Presentation
- Intrauterine Growth Restriction
- Multiple Pregnancy
- Oligohydramnios
- Rh Isoimmunization
- Maternal factors
- Anemia
- Antepartum Hemorrhage
- Maternal cardiac disease
- Gestational Diabetes
- Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (Preeclampsia)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Maternal Traumatic Injury
- Morbid Obesity
- Maternal renal disease
- Maternal vascular disease
IV. Risk Factors: Intrapartum
- Fetal factors
- Abnormal Fetal Heart Rate on Labor and Delivery Admission
- Meconium stained amniotic fluid
- Maternal factors
- Hypertonic Uterus
- Induced labor or augmented labor
- Intrauterine infection or Chorioamnionitis
- Post-term Pregnancy (>42 weeks gestation)
- Preterm Labor (<32 weeks gestation)
- Previous ceserean delivery
- Prolonged Rupture of Membranes >24 hours (at term)
- Regional analgesia
- Vaginal Bleeding in labor
V. Risk Factors: Specific Conditions and their associated risks
-
Multiple Pregnancy
- Breech Presentation
- Preterm delivery
- Small for Gestational Age
- Asphyxia
- Blood Group Incompatibility
-
Abruptio Placenta or Placenta Previa
- Fetal Hypoxia
- Fetal asphyxia
- Preterm (<38 weeks) or Postterm (>42 weeks) delivery
- Asphyxia
- Hypoglycemia
- Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)
-
Prolapsed Cord
- Fetal Asphyxia
-
Cesarean Section
- Prematurity
- Neonatal Depression
- Hypovolemia
- Birth Trauma