II. Causes: Common
-
Microcytic Anemia
-
Iron Deficiency Anemia (most common cause)
- Rare before age 6 months in term infants
- Rare until birth weight doubles in Preterm Infants
- Lead Poisoning
- Hemoglobinopathy
-
Iron Deficiency Anemia (most common cause)
-
Normocytic Anemia
-
Physiologic Anemia of Infancy
- Requires no work-up unless below expected levels
-
Hemolytic Anemia
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
-
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)
- X-Linked Anemia (consider in male children)
- Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
- Results in chronic Hemolytic Anemia
-
Physiologic Anemia of Infancy
-
Macrocytic Anemia (uncommon in children)
- Folate Deficiency
- Inadequate intake of human or cow's milk
- Inadequate intake of vegetables and fruits
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency (rare in U.S.)
- Consider in Breast fed infant of vegan mother
- Folate Deficiency
III. Causes: Newborn
- Blood loss Anemia (e.g. Placental Abruption)
- Isoimmunization (Rh incompatability, Fetal hydrops)
- Congenital Hemolytic Anemia (e.g. G6PD Deficiency, Spherocytosis)
- Congenital infection (Parvovirus B19, HIV Infection, Syphilis, Rubella, Sepsis)
- Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome
- Fanconi Anemia
- Alpha-Thalassemia (three gene deletion)
IV. Causes: Infant and Toddler
- Iron Deficiency Anemia or blood loss
- Concurrent infection
- Hemoglobin Disorders (e.g. Thalassemia, Sick Cell Disease)
- RBC Enzyme deficits (e.g. G6PD Deficiency, Pyruvate Kinase deficiency)
- RBC membrane Deficits (e.g. Spherocytosis, elliptocytosis)
- Acquired Hemolytic Anemia (e.g. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, drug-induced Hemolysis)
- Transient Erythroblastopenia of childhood
- Hypersplenism
- Bone Marrow disorder (Myelofibrosis, Leukemia)
- Lead Poisoning
- Hypothyroidism
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency (or Folate Deficiency)
V. Causes: Child and Teen
- Same as Infant and Toddler
- Iron Deficiency Anemia (e.g. Menses, growth spurt, other blood loss)
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency (or Folate Deficiency)
- Chronic disease
- Liver disease or Kidney disease
- Hypothyroidism