III. Causes: Nutrition

  1. Vitamin D Deficiency (very common in elderly)
    1. Community-dwelling elderly: 36% men, 47% women
    2. Long-term Care Residents: 80-100% Prevalence
  2. Alcoholism or Alcohol use more than 2 drinks per day
  3. Tobacco Abuse
  4. Gastric Bypass Surgery
  5. Low Body Weight or Body Mass Index
  6. Malabsorption syndromes (esp. Celiac Sprue)
  7. Malnutrition
  8. Vitamin A Excess
  9. Anorexia Nervosa (and Female Athlete Triad)
  10. Bulimia Nervosa
  11. Calcium deficiency (e.g. Hypercalciuria)

V. Causes: Malignancy

VI. Causes: Genetic Syndromes

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