Mania Secondary Causes

Aka: Mania Secondary Causes, Secondary Mania

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II. General

  1. Consider secondary causes if outside typical ages
    1. Onset in pre-pubertal children
    2. Onset after age 40 years

III. Causes: Drugs of Abuse

  1. Alcohol Abuse
  2. Amphetamine abuse
  3. Cocaine Abuse
  4. Hallucinogen abuse
  5. Opiate Abuse
  6. Bath Salts
  7. Phencyclidine (PCP)

IV. Causes: Collagen vascular disease

  1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

V. Causes: Infectious disease

  1. Neurosyphilis
  2. HSV Encephalitis
  3. Influenza
  4. Encephalitis (e.g. Arboviruses such as St. Louis Encephalitis)
  5. HIV Encephalitis

VI. Causes: Endocrine disease

  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Cushing Disease

VII. Causes: Neurologic disease

  1. Multiple Sclerosis
  2. Huntington's Chorea
  3. Wilson Disease
  4. Head Trauma
  5. Complex Partial Seizures
  6. Cerebrovascular Accidents
  7. Migraine Headache
  8. Neoplasms (esp. diencephalic or Third Ventricle)

VIII. Causes: Vitamin Deficiency

  1. Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  2. Folate Deficiency
  3. Niacin Deficiency
  4. Thiamine deficiency

IX. Causes: Medications

  1. Neuropsychiatric
    1. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
    2. Heterocyclic Antidepressants
    3. Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
    4. Disulfiram (Antabuse)
    5. Levodopa
    6. Levetiracetam (Keppra)
  2. Cardiovascular
    1. Captopril
    2. Hydralazine
  3. Endocrine
    1. Bromocriptine
    2. Corticosteroids
  4. Miscellaneous
    1. Baclofen
    2. Bromide
    3. Procarbazine
    4. Yohimbine
    5. Cimetidine
    6. Isoniazid
    7. HIV Medications (including Integrase Inhibitors)

X. References

  1. Marzani (2021) Am Fam Physician 103(4): 227-39 [PubMed]
  2. Price (2012) Am Fam Physician 85(5): 483-93 [PubMed]
  3. Werder (1995) Am Fam Physician 51(5):1126-36 [PubMed]

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