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Viral EncephalitisAka: Encephalitis

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  1. Cause
    1. Common
      1. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (Very poor prognosis)
        1. Adults: Herpes Simplex Virus I
        2. Neonates: Herpes Simplex Virus II
      2. Arbovirus
        1. Eastern equine encephalitis (70-90% poor prognosis)
        2. Western equine encephalitis (2-20% poor prognosis)
        3. St. Louis encephalitis (2-20% poor prognosis)
        4. California encephalitis (generally benign)
        5. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (generally benign)
        6. West Nile Virus Encephalitis (severe in elderly)
      3. Mumps (Generally benign)
    2. Uncommon
      1. Enterovirus
      2. Varicella Zoster Virus
      3. Epstein-Barr Virus
      4. Mycoplasma
      5. Rabies (rare in U.S.)
    3. Immunocompromised
      1. Cytomegalovirus (AIDS)
  2. Symptoms
    1. Sudden high fever
    2. Severe Headache
    3. Meningismus
    4. Stiff neck
    5. Depressed mental status
      1. Lethargy
      2. Mental confusion
      3. Coma
    6. Behavior change
    7. Seizure
    8. Dysarthria
    9. Nausea and Vomiting
  3. Signs
    1. Variable signs depending on involvement and organism
    2. Tremor
      1. Tongue
      2. Lips
      3. Hands
    3. Ataxia
    4. Spastic paralysis
    5. Deep Tendon Reflexes exaggerated
  4. Labs
    1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
      1. Mild Leukocytosis
      2. Mild Lymphocytosis
    2. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
      1. Increased Intracranial Pressure
      2. Increased Protein
      3. Lymphocytic Pleocytosis
  5. Management
    1. Cerebral Edema
      1. Mannitol
      2. Corticosteroids
        1. Only for specific indications
        2. Avoid in Herpes Simplex Virus
    2. Seizure control
    3. Keep high level of suspicion for treatable etiologies
      1. HSV Encephalitis: Acyclovir IV
      2. CMV Encephalitis (AIDS): Ganciclovir or Foscarnet
  6. Course
    1. Symptomatic: weeks to months
  7. Prognosis
    1. Mortality during acute illness: 10%
    2. High rate of Disability following infection
      1. Variable depending on specific etiology
  8. Resources: Patients
    1. Encephalitis Global Support Website
      1. http://communities.msn.com/encephalitisglobal

Encephalitis (C0014038)

Definition (MSH)Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
Definition (CSP)inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions; viral infections are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
ConceptsDisease or Syndrome (T047)
ICD9V12.42
MSHD004660
EnglishBRAIN INFLAMM, Brain Inflammation, Brain Inflammations, ENCEPH, Encephalitis, INFLAMM BRAIN
Spanishencefalitis
Parent ConceptsCNS inflammation or infection (C0683396), Brain Diseases (C0006111), Infection (C0021311), BRAIN IRRITATION (C0549636), Central Nervous System Infections (C0007684), Central Nervous System Viral Diseases (C0348165), Non-Neoplastic Central Nervous System Disorder (C1335000), Encephalitis (C0014038), Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (C0178264), Inflammation of specific body organs (C1285331), Inflammatory disorder of head (C1285337)
SourcesAOD, COSTAR, CSP, CST, DXP, LCH, MEDLINEPLUS, MSH, MTH, MTHICD9, NCI, NDFRT, OMIM, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Viral Encephalitis (C0243010)

Definition (MSH)Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
ConceptsDisease or Syndrome (T047)
MSHD018792
EnglishENCEPH INFECT VIRAL, ENCEPH VIRAL, Encephalitis - viral, INFECT ENCEPH VIRAL, VIRAL ENCEPH, Viral encephalitis, Viral Infectious Encephalomyelitis
Spanishencefalitis viral, encefalitis virosica
Parent ConceptsEncephalitis (C0014038), Virus Diseases (C0042769), Encephalitis in viral disease EC (C0154654), Viral Encephalitis (C0243010), Central Nervous System Viral Diseases (C0348165), Infectious Encephalitis (C0596773)
SourcesCOSTAR, MSH, MTH, NCI, NDFRT, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)



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