Emergency Medicine Book

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Burn Injury

Aka: Burn Injury, Burn Evaluation, First Degree Burn, Second Degree Burn, Burn of Second Degree, Third Degree Burn, Burn of Third Degree
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  1. Epidemiology
    1. U.S. Incidence
      1. Emergency Department visits: 500,000 per year
      2. Hospitalizations: 40,000 per year
    2. Ages at higher risk of Burn Injury (bimodal distribution)
      1. Children
      2. Older adults
  2. Causes
    1. Scald Burn (80% of burns in young children)
      1. Hot liquids pulled off the counter
    2. Flame-related burns (more common in school age children and teens)
      1. Lighters
      2. Lighter fluid
      3. Fireworks
      4. Gasoline
  3. Pathophysiology
    1. Deep dermal injury
      1. Disrupts elasticity, mechanical barrier protection and vascular supply
      2. Results in scarring and non-healing wounds
  4. Signs: Burn Degree
    1. Precaution
      1. Conversion to deeper burn may occur over ensuing days after initial injury
    2. First degree (Superficial burn)
      1. Pathophysiology
        1. Damage limited to Epidermis
      2. Findings
        1. Skin erythema that when touched, is painful and blanches (e.g. Sunburn)
      3. Causes
        1. Severe UV light exposure (sun)
        2. Minor thermal injury
      4. Course
        1. Healing occurs in 5-10 days
    3. Second degree (Partial thickness burn)
      1. Superficial partial thickness
        1. Pathophysiology
          1. Involves all of the Epidermis
          2. Also involves superficial Dermis (upper layers of papillary Dermis)
        2. Findings
          1. Wet, weaping lesions with clear Blisters
          2. Erythematous skin that when touched, is painful and partially blanches
        3. Course
          1. Healing occurs within 14 days
          2. Scarring is possible but uncommon
      2. Deep partial thickness
        1. Pathophysiology
          1. Involves all of the Epidermis
          2. Also involves deeper Dermis (lower layers of reticular Dermis)
        2. Findings
          1. Wet, weaping lesions with clear Blisters
          2. White skin that when touched does not blanch
        3. Course
          1. Healing typically takes >21 days
          2. Scarring and contractures are common complications
    4. Third degree (Full thickness)
      1. Pathophysiology
        1. Kills all skin layers
        2. Also involves underlying subcutaneous fat
      2. Findings
        1. Waxy, leathery, dark-brown or tan skin
        2. No sensation to touch
      3. Course
        1. Typically do not heal without skin grafting
        2. Contractures are a common complication
    5. Fourth degree
      1. Destroys all skin layers
      2. Also involves muscle, tendon or bone
  5. Signs: Estimating Surface Area with Rule of 9's
    1. Child
      1. Head: 18%
      2. Torso Back: 18%
      3. Torso Front: 18%
      4. Leg Left: 14%
      5. Leg Right: 14%
      6. Arm Left: 9%
      7. Arm Right: 9%
    2. Adult
      1. Torso Front: 18%
      2. Torso Back: 18%
      3. Leg Left: 18%
      4. Leg Right: 18%
      5. Head: 9%
      6. Arm Left: 9%
      7. Arm Right: 9%
      8. Genitalia: 1%
      9. Size of patients palm: 1%
  6. Evaluation: Minor burn criteria
    1. Burn is not circumferential
    2. Burn is only injury
    3. Burn does not involve high risk areas
      1. Across major joints
      2. Face
      3. Hands or feet
      4. Perineum or genitalia
    4. Partial thickness burn surface area is limited
      1. Ages 10 to 50 years old: Burn area <10%
      2. Age under 10 or over 50: Burn area <5%
  7. Management
    1. See Burn Management
  8. Prevention: Burns in Children
    1. Bath
      1. Test bathwater before placing child in bath
      2. Set hot water heater to lowest setting (below 120 degrees F)
      3. Monitor children continuously when in the bath or near faucets
    2. Kitchen
      1. Preferentially use the back Burners of the stove when cooking in the presence of children
    3. Household
      1. Test smoke alarms on a regular basis
      2. Monitor children when near fireplace
      3. Keep children away from matches, fireworks, gasoline and explosives
      4. Keep children away from hot objects
        1. Never hold children while working with hot objects
  9. References
    1. Cuttle (2009) Burns 35(6): 768-75
    2. Grunwald (2008) Plast Reconstr Surg 121(5): 311e-9e
    3. Hettiaratchy (2004) BMJ 328(7452): 1366-8
    4. Lloyd (2012) Am Fam Physician 85(1): 25-32
    5. Roberts (2003) Emerg Med News 25(3): 28-31
    6. Sheridan (2005) Emerg Care 21(7): 449-56

Burn injury (C0006434)

Definition (SNOMEDCT) Generic burn injury, including that due to excessive heat, as well as cauterization, friction, electricity, radiation, sunlight, and other causes
Definition (NCI) A traumatic injury involving interruption of tissue cohesiveness that results from exposure to caustic chemicals, extreme heat, extreme cold or excessive radiation.
Definition (NCI) A finding of impaired integrity to the anatomic site of an adverse thermal reaction. Burns can be caused by exposure to chemicals, direct heat, electricity, flames and radiation. The extent of damage depends on the length and intensity of exposure and time until provision of treatment.
Definition (NCI) Injury to tissues caused by contact with dry heat, moist heat, flames, chemicals, electricity, friction or radiant and electromagnetic energy. A first degree burn is associated with redness, a second degree burn with vesication and a third degree burn with necrosis through the entire skin.
Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns.

There are three types of burns:

  • First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin
  • Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath
  • Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath

Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. After a third-degree burn, you need skin or synthetic grafts to cover exposed tissue and encourage new skin to grow. First- and second-degree burns usually heal without grafts.

NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences
Definition (MSH) Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.
Definition (CSP) damage inflicted on any part of an organism as the direct or indirect result of exposure to steam, chemicals, heat, flame, electricity or the like, with or without disruption of structural continuity; for burns due to overexposure to the sun use SUNBURN.
Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
MSH D002056
ICD9 949.0, 940-949.99
ICD10 T20-T31.9, T30.0
SnomedCT 157629005, 212138003, 212139006, 212129000, 48333001, 125666000, 211657006, 269386003
English Burn injury, Burn Injuries, Burns, BURN, BURNS, BURN INJURIES, Burn injury, NOS, Burn of unspecified site, unspecified degree, Burn, NOS, Burned, Burns NOS, Burn - unspecified, burns (physical finding), burns, 111 BURN INJURIES, D-52 BURNS, Burns NOS (disorder), Burn - unspecified (disorder), burn, burn (diagnosis), BURN(S), Burn NOS, Burns [Disease/Finding], burning disorders, burn injury, burning injuries, burns injuries, burn injuries, burns injury, burned, burnings, burning lesions, burn lesion, Burn, Burn - lesion, Burn (disorder), Burn injury (morphologic abnormality)
French BRULURE, Brûlures SAI, Brûlure, Brûlure de site non précisé, de degré non précisé, Brûlures
Dutch brandwonden NAO, brandwond van niet-gespecificeerde plaats, niet-gespecificeerde graad, brandwond, Brandwond, Brandwonden, Wond, brand-, Wonden, brand-
German Verbrennung, Verbrennungen NNB, Vergrennung an einer unspezifischen Stelle, unspezifischer Grad, Verbrennungen
Italian Ustioni NAS, Ustione, Ustione in sede non specificata di grado non specificato, Ustioni
Portuguese Queimadura de localização NE de grau NE, Queimadura, Queimaduras NE, QUEIMADURA, Queimaduras
Spanish Quemadura de localización no especificada, grado no especificado, Quemaduras NEOM, Quemadura, Burns, Burn - unspecified, Burns NOS, lesión traumática por quemadura (anomalía morfológica), lesión traumática por quemadura, quemadura (trastorno), quemadura - lesión, quemadura - no especificada (trastorno), quemadura - no especificada, quemaduras, SAI (trastorno), quemaduras, SAI, quemadura, Quemaduras
Japanese 熱傷ＮＯＳ, 熱傷, 熱傷、程度不明, ﾈﾂｼｮｳNOS, ﾈｯｼｮｳ, ﾈｯｼｮｳNOS, ﾈｯｼｮｳﾃｲﾄﾞﾌﾒｲ
Swedish Brännskador
Czech popálení, opaření, Popálenina, Popálenina blíže neurčeného stupně, blíže neurčeného místa, Popáleniny NOS
Finnish Palovammat
Russian OZHOGI, ОЖОГИ
Croatian OPEKLINE
Polish Oparzenia
Hungarian Nem meghatározott lokalizációjú és nem meghatározott fokú égés, Égések k.m.n., Égés
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


First degree burn (C0332686)

Definition (NCI) A burn that only affects the outer layer of skin causing pain, redness, and swelling.
Definition (NCI) A superficial thermal, friction or chemical burn to the epidermis marked by redness, sensitivity and soreness.
Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
ICD9 949.1
ICD10 T30.1
SnomedCT 212131009, 269248005, 77140003, 403190006
English First Degree Burn, Erythema due to burn (first degree), unspecified site, Burn of first degree, body region unspecified, Superficial burn NOS, first degree burns, first degree burns (diagnosis), (First degree burn) or (superficial burn NOS) (disorder), superficial (first degree) burns, Burns first degree, First degree burns, First-Degree Burn, 1st degree burn NOS, Superficial burn NOS (disorder), FIRST-DEGREE BURN, Erythema, body region unspecified, burns superficial, superficial burn, burn degree first, first degree burn, burns degree first, Burn erythema, Erythema caloricum, First degree burn injury, Superficial burn, First degree burn, First degree burn (disorder), First degree burn injury (morphologic abnormality), (First degree burn) or (superficial burn NOS), Erythema due to burn [first degree], unspecified site, Erythema due to first degree burn, unspecified site, Erythema due to burn, unspecified site
Italian Ustioni di primo grado, Ustione superficiale, Eritema secondario ad ustione (primo grado), sede non specificata
Dutch erytheem door brandwond (eerste graad), niet-gespecificeerde plaats, brandwond oppervlakkig, eerstegraadsbrandwonden, Brandwond van eerste graad, lichaamsregio niet gespecificeerd, brandwonden eerste graad
French Erythème lié à une brûlure (premier degré), site non précisé, Brûlure superficielle, Brûlures du premier degré
German Erythem verursacht durch Verbrennung (ersten Grades), unspezifische Stelle, oberflaechliche Verbrennung, Verbrennung 1. Grades, Koerperregion nicht naeher bezeichnet, Verbrennungen ersten Grades
Portuguese Eritema por queimadura (1º grau) de local NE, Queimadura superficial, Queimaduras do 1º grau
Spanish Eritema por quemadura (de primer grado), localización no especificada, Quemadura superficial, Superficial burn NOS, (First degree burn) or (superficial burn NOS), First degree burn, eritema calórico, eritema por quemadura, quemadura de primer grado (anomalía morfológica), quemadura de primer grado (trastorno), quemadura de primer grado, quemadura superficial, SAI (trastorno), quemadura superficial, SAI, Quemaduras de primer grado
Japanese 第１度熱傷, （第１度）熱傷による紅斑、部位不明, 表在性熱傷, ﾀﾞｲ1ﾄﾞﾈｯｼｮｳﾆﾖﾙｺｳﾊﾝﾌﾞｲﾌﾒｲ, ﾀﾞｲ1ﾄﾞﾈｯｼｮｳ, ﾋｮｳｻﾞｲｾｲﾈｯｼｮｳ
Czech Povrchová popálenina, Popáleniny prvního stupně, Popálenina prvního stupně, erytém blíže neurčeného místa
Korean 상세불명 신체 부위의 1도 화상
Hungarian Felületes égés, Első fokú égések, Nem meghatározott lokalizációjú, égés okozta (első fokú) erythema
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Second degree burn (C0332687)

Definition (NCI) A partial thickness burn that affects both the outer and underlying layer of skin causing pain, redness, swelling and blistering.
Definition (NCI) A burn from the epidermis to the dermal layer of the skin, usually by thermal or chemical insult. It is marked by redness, possible blistering and can provoke severe pain.
Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
ICD9 949.2
SnomedCT 46541008, 403191005, 212132002
English SECOND DEGREE BURN, Blisters with epidermal loss due to burn (second degree), unspecified site, second degree burns (diagnosis), second degree burns, partial thickness (second degree) burns, Burns second degree, Second degree burns, Second-Degree Burn, 2nd degree burn NOS, SECOND-DEGREE BURN, burns degree second, burn degree second, second degree burn, burn second degree, Burn blister with epidermal loss, Second degree burn injury, Second degree burn, Second degree burn (disorder), Second degree burn injury (morphologic abnormality), Blisters with epidermal loss due to burn [second degree], unspecified site, Blisters with epidermal loss due to second degree burn, unspecified site, Blisters with epidermal loss due to burn, unspecified site
Italian Ustioni di secondo grado, Vescicole con perdita dell'epidermide da ustione (secondo grado), sede non specificata
Dutch brandblaar met epidermale beschadiging (tweede graad) van niet-gespecificeerde plaats, tweedegraadsbrandwonden, brandwonden tweede graad
French Brûlures du second degré, Phlyctènes avec perte épidermique liées à une brûlure (second degré), site non précisé, Brûlures du deuxieme degré
German Blasen mit Hautverlust durch Verbrennung (zweiten Grades), unspezifische Stelle, Verbrennungen zweiten Grades
Portuguese Bolhas com perda de epiderme por queimadura (2º grau) de localização NE, Queimaduras do 2º grau
Spanish Ampollas con pérdida epidérmica por quemadura (de segundo grado), localización no especificada, Second degree burn, quemadura con destrucción epidérmica, quemadura con pérdida epidérmica, quemadura de segundo grado (anomalía morfológica), quemadura de segundo grado (trastorno), quemadura de segundo grado, Quemaduras de segundo grado
Japanese 第２度熱傷, （第２度）熱傷による表皮欠損を伴う水疱形成、部位不明, ﾀﾞｲ2ﾄﾞﾈｯｼｮｳﾆﾖﾙﾋｮｳﾋｹｯｿﾝｦﾄﾓﾅｳｽｲﾎｳｹｲｾｲﾌﾞｲﾌﾒｲ, ﾀﾞｲ2ﾄﾞﾈｯｼｮｳ
Czech Popálenina druhého stupně, puchýře se ztrátou epidermis, blíže neurčeného místa, Popáleniny druhého stupně
Hungarian Másodfokú égések, Nem meghatározott lokalizációjú terület (másodfokú) égés okozta felhólyagosodása epiderm. hiánnyal
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Third degree burn (C0433445)

Definition (NCI) A full thickness burn that extends into deeper tissues causing white or blackened and charred skin that may be numb.
Definition (NCI) A burn that extends through all skin layers and most often includes nerve tissue. There is scarring and the affected site can be charred black or blanched white.
Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
SnomedCT 212135000, 269250002, 80247002, 403192003
English THIRD DEGREE BURN, Full thickness burn NOS, third degree burns (diagnosis), third degree burns, (Third degree burn) or (full thickness burn NOS) (disorder), full thickness (third degree) burns, Burns third degree, Third degree burns, Third-Degree Burn, Full thickness burn NOS (disorder), THIRD-DEGREE BURN, third degree burn, burn degree third, full thickness burn, burns full thickness, burns degree third, Burn with full-thickness skin loss, Third degree burn injury, FT - Full thickness burn, Full thickness burn, Third degree burn, Third degree burn (disorder), Third degree burn injury (morphologic abnormality), (Third degree burn) or (full thickness burn NOS)
Italian Ustioni di terzo grado
Dutch derdegraadsbranwonden, brandwonden derde graad
Japanese 第３度熱傷, ﾀﾞｲ3ﾄﾞﾈｯｼｮｳ
Spanish Full thickness burn NOS, (Third degree burn) or (full thickness burn NOS), Third degree burn, quemadura con pérdida del espesor total de la piel, quemadura de tercer grado (anomalía morfológica), quemadura de tercer grado (trastorno), quemadura de tercer grado, SAI (trastorno), quemadura de tercer grado, SAI, quemadura de tercer grado, Quemaduras de tercer grado
Czech Popáleniny třetího stupně
Hungarian Harmadfokú égés, Harmadfokú égések
Portuguese Queimaduras do 3º grau
French Brûlures du troisième degré
German Verbrennungen dritten Grades
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Burn of second degree, body region unspecified (C0496071)

Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
ICD10 T30.2
English Burn of second degree, body region unspecified, Burn of partial thicknes, body region unspecified
German Verbrennung 2. Grades, Koerperregion nicht naeher bezeichnet
Korean 상세불명 신체 부위의 2도 화상
Dutch Brandwond van tweede graad, lichaamsregio niet gespecificeerd
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Burn of third degree, body region unspecified (C0496072)

Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
ICD10 T30.3
English Burn of third degree, body region unspecified, Burn of full thickness, body region unspecified
German Verbrennung 3. Grades, Koerperregion nicht naeher bezeichnet
Korean 상세불명 신체 부위의 3도 화상
Dutch Brandwond van derde graad, lichaamsregio niet gespecificeerd
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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