II. Definitions
III. Causes
- Bladder instrumentation (cystoscopy)
- Fistula from bowel or vagina
- Complication from Crohn's Disease, Diverticulitis, cancer, Trauma
- Renal tumor infarction
- Urinary diversion
- Scuba Diving with p-valve (diverts urine outside suit)
-
Urinary Tract Infection with gas forming organisms that ferment lactate (high risk, see precautions below)
- Results in Emphysematous Cystitis or Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
- Most common in poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus
- Organisms (may cause staghorn calculi, high Urine pH)
- Proteus species
- Escherichia coli
- KlebsiellaPneumonia
- Candida
- Clostridium
IV. Precautions
- Acute infection with Emphysematous Cystitis or Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
- Pneumaturia due to gas forming organism infection requires early diagnosis and broad spectrum Antibiotics
- Delayed diagnosis is associated with high mortality (20%)
- Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
V. References
- Swadron and Schoenberger in Herbert (2018) EM:Rap 18(6):1
- Youssef (2013) Case Reports in Medicine