II. Causes

  1. Acute Valvular Dysfunction
    1. Aortic Stenosis
    2. Acute Mitral Valve Regurgitation (i.e. acute MI with papillary Muscle rupture)
    3. Prosthetic Heart Valve complication (e.g. Thromboembolism, valvular obstruction)
    4. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (esp. young patients)
  2. Chronic Valvular Dysfunction
    1. Aortic Stenosis
    2. Aortic Regurgitation (Aortic Insufficiency)
    3. Mitral Stenosis
    4. Mitral Regurgitation
    5. Mitral Valve Prolapse
  3. Congenital Disorders
    1. See Congenital Heart Disease

III. Symptoms: Presentations

  1. Dyspnea (most common)
  2. Syncope
  3. Angina

Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)

Related Studies