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Alcohol

Aka: Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol, Alcohol-Related Drug Interactions, Toxic Effect of Alcohol, Alcohol Toxicity, Alcohol Related Cardiac Effects
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  1. See Also
    1. Alcohol Dependence
    2. Alcohol Withdrawal
    3. Alcohol Detoxification in Ambulatory Setting
    4. Alcoholism Management
    5. Chemical Dependency
    6. Drug Withdrawal
  2. Adverse Effects: Acute Effects in Children (acute Poisoning)
    1. Hypoglycemia (due to impaired gluconeogenesis)
      1. Monitor Serum Glucose every 1-2 hours after ingestion until blood Alcohol level 0 for at least 1-2 hours
    2. Altered Level of Consciousness with CNS depression
      1. Exaggerated response to a given blood Alcohol level when compared with adults
    3. Respiratory depression
    4. References
      1. Claudius and Levine in Majoewsky (2012) EM:RAP 12(5): 6
  3. Adverse Effects: Adults
    1. Alcohol Abuse
    2. Alcoholic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis
    3. Korsakoff's Disease
    4. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
    5. Hypoglycemia (especially in children)
  4. Drug Interactions: Disulfiram Reaction Risk (Antabuse Reaction Risk)
    1. Chlorpropamide
    2. Antibiotics
      1. Metronidazole
      2. Tinidazole
      3. Cefoperazone
      4. Cefotetan
  5. Drug Interactions: Drug effect potentiated by Alcohol
    1. Warfarin (increased INR)
    2. Sulfonylureas (Hypoglycemia)
    3. Avinza (Morphine overdose due to rapid release)
  6. Drug Interactions: Toxicity potentiated by Alcohol
    1. Heavy Alcohol use potentiates hepatotoxicity
    2. NSAIDs or Aspirin (higher risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding)
    3. Acetaminophen (potentiated hepatotoxicity when overdosed >4 grams/day)
    4. Acitretin (converts to Teratogenic metabolites that take years to fully excrete)
  7. Benefits: Medical Uses
    1. Ethylene Glycol Poisoning
    2. Cardiovascular Prevention
      1. Excessive use has significant adverse effects
      2. Those who do not drink, should not start
      3. Alcohol's benefit is limited to low to moderate use
        1. Increases Cardioprotective Apolipoprotein A-1
        2. Decreases Atherogenic Apolipoprotein B
        3. Inhibits platelet aggregation
        4. May result in Coronary Artery vasodilation
  8. References
    1. (2008) Prescriber's Letter 15(1):3

alcohol use disorder (C0001956)

Concepts Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction (T048)
English Alcohol use disorder, Alcohol Use Disorders, alcohol use disorder, alcohol use disorders
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Ethanol (C0001962)

Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

If you are like many Americans, you drink alcohol at least occasionally. For many people, moderate drinking is probably safe. It may even have health benefits, including reducing your risk of certain heart problems. Moderate drinking is one drink a day for women or anyone over 65, and two drinks a day for men under 65.

Some people should not drink at all, including alcoholics, children, pregnant women, people on certain medicines and people with some medical conditions. If you have questions about whether it is safe for you to drink, speak with your healthcare provider.

Anything more than moderate drinking can be risky. Binge drinking - drinking five or more drinks at one time - can damage your health and increase your risk for accidents, injuries and assault. Years of heavy drinking can lead to liver disease, heart disease, cancer and pancreatitis. It can also cause problems at home, at work and with friends.

NIH: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Definition (NCI) A chemical substance found in beer, wine, and liquor, and some medicines, mouthwashes, household products, and essential oils (scented liquid taken from plants). Alcohol contains a carbon atom attached to a hydroxyl group (a molecule made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom).
Definition (MSH) A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Definition (CSP) two carbon primary alcohol formed by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates or by synthesis from ethylene; it is a clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body; it has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant; it is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
Definition (PDQ) A colorless organic liquid also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. Ethanol's primary physiologic effects involve the central nervous system. Depending on the dose delivered, ethanol behaves as an anxiolytic, a depressant, or a general anesthetic. Ethanol-induced immunosuppression involves dysregulation of CD4+ T cells. Check for "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=446576&idtype=1" active clinical trials or "http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=446576&idtype=1&closed=1" closed clinical trials using this agent. ("http://nciterms.nci.nih.gov:80/NCIBrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C216" NCI Thesaurus)
Definition (NCI) A volatile liquid prepared by fermentation of certain carbohydrates. Alcohol acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, a diuretic, and a disinfectant. Although the exact mechanism of CNS depression is unknown, alcohol may act by inhibiting the opening of calcium channels, mediated by the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) to GABA-A receptors, or through inhibitory actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. Alcohol inhibits the production of antidiuretic hormone, thereby producing diuresis that may lead to dehydration. This agent kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.
Concepts Organic Chemical (T109)
MSH D000431
SnomedCT 398624005, 32055008, 419442005
English Grain alcohol, Alcohol, Ethyl, Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol, Drinking alcohol, Alcohol, Grain, ETOH, Grain Alcohol, Absolute ethanol, Alcohol, alcohol, ethyl alcohol, Absolute Ethanol, Methylcarbinol, grain alcohol, ethanol (medication), Ethanol [Chemical/Ingredient], ALCOHOL, alcohol ethyl, EtOH, ethanols, ethanol, ETHANOL, Ethyl alcohol, Ethyl alcohol (product), Alcohol (Grain), ALCOHOL,ETHYL, EtOH - Ethanol, EtOH - Alcohol, Ethyl alcohol (substance)
Spanish alcohol etílico (sustancia), alcohol de grano, alcohol para beber, etanol, alcohol etílico (producto), alcohol etílico, Etanol, Alcohol Etilico, Alcohol Etílico
Swedish Etanol
Czech ethylalkohol, tribromethanol, ethanol
Finnish Etanoli
French Esprit de vin, Méthylcarbinol, Alcool éthylique, Éthanol
Italian Alcol etilico, Alcol di grano, Etanolo
Russian ETANOL, SPIRT ETILOVYI, СПИРТ ЭТИЛОВЫЙ, ЭТАНОЛ
Croatian ETANOL
Polish Etanol, Alkohol etylowy
Japanese アルコール-エチル, エタノール, エチルアルコール, 酒精
German Alkohol, Ethyl-, Ethanol, Ethylalkohol, Alkohol, Äthyl-, Äthanol, Äthylalkohol
Portuguese Etanol, Etil Álcool, Álcool Etílico
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Toxic effect of ethyl alcohol (C0161679)

Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
ICD9 980.0
ICD10 T51.0, T51.0X1, T51.0X
SnomedCT 157684002, 212806006, 212808007, 82782008
English Ethanol, Toxic effect of ethyl alcohol, Ethyl alcohl causng tox effect, Ethyl alcohol causing toxic effect, Ethyl alcohol causing toxic effect NOS, Ethyl alcohol-toxic effect NOS, Ethyl alcohol causing toxic effect (disorder), Toxic eff ethyl alcohol, Ethyl alcohol causing toxic effect NOS (disorder), Toxic effect of ethanol NOS, Toxic effect of ethanol, Toxic effect of grain alcohol, Ethanol causing toxic effect, Toxic effect of ethyl alcohol (disorder)
Dutch toxisch gevolg van ethylalcohol, Ethanol
German toxischer Effekt von Aethylalkohol, Toxische Wirkung: Aethanol
Portuguese Efeito tóxico de álcool etílico
Spanish Efecto tóxico del alcohol etílico, Ethyl alcohol causing toxic effect, alcohol etílico que causa efectos tóxicos, alcohol etílico que causa efectos tóxicos (trastorno), alcohol etílico que produce efecto tóxico, SAI (trastorno), alcohol etílico que produce efecto tóxico, SAI, efecto tóxico del alcohol etílico (trastorno), efecto tóxico del alcohol etílico, efecto tóxico del etanol
Japanese エチルアルコールの毒作用, ｴﾁﾙｱﾙｺｰﾙﾉﾄﾞｸｻﾖｳ
French Effet toxique de l'alcool éthylique
Italian Effetti tossici dell'alcool etilico
Czech Toxický účinek etanolu
Korean 에탄올의 중독작용
Hungarian Etilalkohol toxikus hatása
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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