Pharm

Nitrous Oxide

search

Nitrous Oxide, Laughing Gas

  • See Also
  1. Nitrous Oxide Abuse
  • Indications
  1. Procedural Sedation (esp. pediatrics)
    1. Low intensity procedures (e.g. Lumbar Puncture, Laceration Repair, minor Fracture reduction)
  2. Moderate analgesia
    1. Best used in combination with Local Anesthesia (e.g. local infiltration, Hematoma Block)
  • Contraindications (related to gas expansion risks)
  1. Pneumothorax
  2. Pulmonary Blebs
  3. Bowel Obstruction
  4. Air embolism
  5. Pneumocephalus
  6. Recent eye surgery
  • History
  1. First used for Anesthesia in U.S. in 1845
  2. Used in a majority of pediatric dental offices
  • Mechanism
  1. Nitrous Oxide is a colorless, tasteless gas
  2. Effects Opioid spinal modulators, GABA receptors, NMDA receptors
  3. Also releases endorphins
  • Pharmacology
  1. Rapidly absorbed in lung and cleared from lung
  2. Excreted unchanged (not metabolized) primarily from lung within one minute of inhalation
  3. Onset: 2-3 minutes
  4. Duration: 3-5 minutes
    1. Rapidly off-loads with oxygen (often given for 5 minutes after procedure)
  5. Effects
    1. Mild anxiolysis: <50% Nitrous Oxide
    2. Analgesia: 50-70% Nitrous Oxide
    3. Amnesia
  • Adverse Effects
  1. Light headedness
  2. Somnolence
  3. Confusion
  4. Paresthesias
  5. Nausea or Vomiting (1-2% of cases)
    1. Vomiting is uncommon unless concurrent Opioids are used
  6. Inadequate sedation (1.2% of cases)
  7. Airway obstruction or Hypoxia (0.25% of cases)
    1. More common with concurrent Opioids or Benzodiazepines
  • Safety
  1. Among the safest sedation agents with proper use and monitoring (ACEP, 1984)
  2. Airway obstruction or Hypoxia is rare (0.25% of cases)
  3. Has not been associated with apnea
  4. Hemodynamically stable without effects on Heart Rate or Blood Pressure
  5. Very rare mortality (case reports)
  6. No Allergic Reactions reported
  7. No pregnancy data, and not recommended in first or second trimester
    1. Considered likely safe in third trimester
  8. No delay in Lactation
  9. Not considered Procedural Sedation unless combined with other agents (e.g. Fentanyl, Midazolam)
  10. Does not require cardiac monitoring, End-Tidal CO2 or Intravenous Access
    1. Pulse Oximetry is typically adequate monitoring for Nitrous Oxide
  • Preparation
  1. General equipment
    1. Oxygen supply
    2. Wall suction
    3. Airway equipment
  2. Educate patient on use of mask
    1. Patient instructed to take deeper breaths if feels more pain
  3. Nitrous Oxide delivery device
    1. Full Face Mask or Nasal mask (may be scented)
    2. Delivery mix: 50:50 to 70:30 mix of Nitrous Oxide and oxygen
      1. Preferred mix appears to be 70:30
      2. Typically portable unit with Nitrous Oxide tanks, and attached to wall oxygen
    3. Device should have audible alarms, flow control and scavenger functionality (suction)
      1. Scavenger functionality prevents bystander exposure to Nitrous Oxide
    4. Does not require a medical gas vacuum system
  • Dosing
  1. Goal Nitrous Oxide effects (expect onset within 2-3 min of starting Nitrous Oxide)
    1. Apathy
    2. Somnolence
    3. Still responds to verbal stimuli
  2. Start with total liter flow estimation
    1. Child: 4-5 L/min
    2. Adult: 6-7 L/min
    3. Watch reservoir bag while on oxygen only, and goal inflation is 2/3 full (not collapsed and not full)
  3. Initiate Nitrous Oxide
    1. Start 10-15% Nitrous Oxide and increase every couple of minutes to effect (see above)
    2. Patient asked to breath normally through their nose and to relax
    3. Prepare patient that they may have arms and legs
  4. Titrate Nitrous Oxide
    1. Stop agent for Nausea (and allow to dissipate over 2-3 minutes, and then re-start)
    2. Decrease Nitrous Oxide if Agitation occurs
    3. Oxygen reverses effects if too much sedation
  5. Self-titration method
    1. Patient holds mask to their own face
    2. As sedation increases, the mask drops away
    3. When they awaken again, they replace the mask to once again increase sedation
  • References
  1. Acker, Koval and Leeper (2017) Crit Dec Emerg Med 31(4): 3-13
  2. Cordle (2016) Nitrous Oxide Lecture, ACEP PEM Conference, attended 3/9/2016
  3. Lapietra and Swaminathan in Swadron (2022) EM:Rap 22(3): 6-8