Pharm

Midazolam

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Midazolam, Versed

  • See Also
  1. Benzodiazepine
  2. Procedural Sedation and Analgesia (PSAA)
  3. Rapid Sequence Intubation
  • Indications
  1. Procedural Sedation and Analgesia (PSAA)
    1. Other agents are preferred in most cases (unpredictable)
  2. Rapid Sequence Intubation (induction agent)
    1. Other induction agents are preferred due to the large and unpredictable Midazolam doses required for induction
      1. Rarely given at adequate doses (a typical adult dose for RSI is an astounding 8-10 mg)
    2. Consider where IV Access unavailable or other intubation agents contraindicated
    3. Could be considered in Status Epilepticus (although Thiopental might be preferred)
  • Class
  1. Parenteral short acting Benzodiazepine
  • Mechanism
  1. Sedative, Anxiolytic, and amnestic effects
  2. Antagonist: Flumazenil
  1. Indications for Midazolam
    1. Other sedation agents are preferred in most cases
    2. Intranasal Versed in children may allow for imaging, Intravenous Access, Laceration Repair
  2. Intravenous
    1. Age 6 months to 5 years
      1. Initial: 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg IV
      2. Titrate: Up to 1 mg increments IV every 3 min to max of 0.6 mg/kg
    2. Age 6 to 12 years
      1. Initial: 0.025 to 0.05 mg/kg IV
      2. Titrate: Up to 1 mg increments IV every 3 min to max of 0.4 mg/kg
    3. Adults (and over age 12 years)
      1. Initial: 0.02 mg/kg IV
      2. Titrate: 1 mg increments IV every 3 min (typically up to 5 mg)
  3. Intramuscular
    1. Child: 0.1 to 0.15 mg/kg (up to 10 mg)
    2. Adult: 0.07 mg/kg (up to 10 mg)
  4. Other Dosing
    1. Oral: 0.5 mg/kg/dose
    2. Nasal: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg intranasal (1/2 in each nostril) using 5 mg/ml up to 10 mg
    3. Rectal 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg/dose per Rectum
  5. Commonly used in combination with Fentanyl
    1. When combined with Opioids (e.g. Fentanyl), use lower Midazolam dose
    2. Risk of Deep Sedation with cardiopulmonary depression
  • Safety
  1. Contraindicated in pregnancy (Category D)
  2. Wait at least 4 hours for Breast Feeding
  3. Unpredictable at increased doses (risk of respiratory and cardiovascular depression)
    1. Unreliable sedation for painful procedures
    2. Best delivered in incremental doses (e.g. 1 mg increments)
    3. Exercise extra caution in elderly, debilitated, children, hepatic insufficiency, Dementia
  4. Reversal: Flumazenil 0.01 mg/kg up to 2 mg over 15 seconds
    1. Do not use if on longterm Benzodiazepines
  • Pharmacokinetics
  1. General
    1. Duration: 1-4 hours
    2. Half life: 2.5 hours
  2. Oral
    1. Onset: 20 to 30 minutes
    2. Peak: 40 minutes
  3. Intramuscular
    1. Onset: 5 to 7 minutes (up to 10-20 minutes)
    2. Peak: 10 to 15 minutes
    3. Duration: 60-120 minutes
  4. Intravenous
    1. Onset: 2-3 minutes
    2. Peak: 5 to 10 minutes
    3. Duration: 45-60 minutes
  • Precautions
  1. Monitor closely with respiratory depression
  2. Have Ambubag and Oxygen available when administered
  3. Unpredictable at increased doses (risk of respiratory and cardiovascular depression)
    1. Best delivered in incremental doses (e.g. 1 mg increments)
    2. Risk of Hypotension
  4. Use with caution if risks for respiratory depression
    1. Elderly, debilitated patients or children
    2. Concurrent Narcotic use
    3. Existing CNS depression
    4. Chronic lung disease
    5. Neuromuscular disorder
    6. Apnea history
  5. Risk of Agitation
    1. Elderly
    2. Liver disease
  • References
  1. Miner (2012) APLS Lecture, HCMC, Minneapolis
  2. Hamilton (2012) Tarascon Pharmacopeia, Jones and Bartlett, Burlington
  3. Rispoli (2002) Tarascon Pocket Orthopedics, Loma Linda, p. 115
  4. University Minnesota Childrens - Pediatric Emergency Drug Card
  5. Becker (2012) Anesth Prog 59:28-42 [PubMed]
  6. Brown (2005) Am Fam Physician 71:85-90 [PubMed]
  7. Singh in Blaivas (2012) Emergency Medicine - an International Perspective, p. 199-208