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Septic Arthritis Causes
Aka: Septic Arthritis Causes, Septic Joint Causes
- See Also
- Septic Joint
- Prosthetic Joint Infection
- Causes: General
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Most common cause of Septic Arthritis in all ages
- Causes: Septic Arthritis Causes based on age
- Infant (age <3 months, contiguous spread from Osteomyelitis)
- Staphylococcus aureus (common)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (common)
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Group B Streptococcus
- Children (age 3 months to 14 years)
- No cause identified in one third of cases
- Staphylococcus aureus (27%)
- Streptococcus (14%)
- Streptococcus Pyogenes
- Streptococcus Pneumoniae
- HaemophilusInfluenzae (<3% of cases, much less common in U.S. since start of Hib Vaccine)
- Gram Negative Bacilli
- Kingella kingae (preschool children
- Adults with STD risk
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (most common)
- See Gonococcal Arthritis
- Gonorrrhea is a still a leading cause in young adults with Septic Arthritis
- More common in women by a factor 3-4
- Typically Migratory Arthritis
- Hands, wrists, ankles are most often affected
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus
- Gram Negative Bacilli
- Syphilis
- Adults with no STD risk
- Gram Positive organisms (91% of cases)
- Staphylococcus aureus (50%)
- Streptococcus species (esp. Streptococcus Pyogenes)
- Gram Negative Bacilli (esp. elderly and Immunocompromised)
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
- References
- Ryan (1997) Br J Rheumatol 36: 370-3 [PubMed]
- Older Patients
- Gram Negative Bacteria (esp. Escherichia coli) causes up to 30% of cases
- Causes: Iatrogenic or Trauma related Septic Arthritis
- Joint Aspiration or injection
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Joint Trauma or wound
- Gram Negative Bacilli
- Anaerobic Bacteria
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Polymicrobial infections
- Joint prosthesis
- Early infection
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Late Infection
- Gram Positive Cocci (e.g. pneumococcus)
- Anaerobic Bacteria
- Pseudomonas
- Penetrating, moist wounds through plastic, Rubber
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Umbilical catheter (UAC or UVC) use in the newborn
- Risk of septic hip
- Dog or Cat Bite (esp. fingers, toes)
- Capnoctyophaga
- Pasteurella multocida
- Decomposed wood in soil or dust (monoarticular knee, ankle, or elbow)
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Causes: Septic Arthritis related to Comorbid Medical Conditions
- Intravenous Drug Abuse (esp. sternoclavicular joint, sacroiliac joint)
- Atypical Gram Negative Bacilli (e.g. Pseudomonas)
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (Oligoarticular infections are more common)
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus (esp. pneumococcus)
- Gram Negative Bacilli
- Fungus (esp. candida)
- Gout
- Gram-Negative Bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli)
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or Sickle Cell Anemia (Functional Asplenia)
- Salmonella
- Proteus
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Hemophilia
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus
- Gram Negative Bacilli
- Hemoglobinopathy (e.g. Sickle Cell Anemia)
- Salmonella
- Immunodeficiency or Diabetes Mellitus
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Mycobacterium species
- Fungus (esp. candida)
- Gram-Negative Bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli)
- Causes: Chronic Monoarticular Arthritis
- Brucella
- Nocardia
- Mycobacterium
- Fungus
- Causes: Acute Polyarticular Septic Arthritis
- See Polyarticular Joint Pain Causes
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (most common)
- Lyme Disease
- Acute Rheumatic Fever
- Syphilis
- Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus
- Group B Streptococcus
- Virus Infection
- Viral Hepatitis
- Parvovirus B19
- Rubella
- Chikungunya
- Causes: Septic Arthritis related to Occupation or Travel
- Gardening or agricultural
- Sporothrix schenckii
- Brucella
- Nocardia
- Pantoea agglomerans
- Marine related (e.g. cleaning fish tank, esp. wrist, fingers)
- Mycobacterium marinum
- Immigrant
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- References
- Gilbert (2012) Sanford Guide to Antimicrobials
- Earwood (2021) Am Fam Physician 104(6): 589-97 [PubMed]
- Stimmler (1996) Postgrad Med 99(4):127-39 [PubMed]