II. Pathophysiology
-
Anticholinergic Medications
- Block parasympathetic muscarinic receptors in detrusor muscle with impaired contractility
- Alpha-adrenergic agonists (e.g. Decongestants)
-
Calcium Channel Blockers
- Decreased Bladder smooth muscle contractility
-
NSAIDs
- Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and secondary decreased detrusor contractility (theoretical)
III. Causes: Common (esp. Anticholinergics)
IV. Causes: Neuropsychiatric agents
- Amphetamines
- Benzodiazepines
- Carbamazepine
- Antiparkinson agents
- Amantadine
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Benztropine
- Levodopa
- Bromocriptine
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
-
Antipsychotics
- Thioridazine
- Haloperidol
- Chlorpromazine
- Fluphenazine
- Prochlorperazine
- Thiothixene
V. Causes: Cardiopulmonary agents
-
Antiarrhythmics
- Disopyramide
- Procainamide
- Quinidine
- Antihypertensives
-
Sympathomimetics
- Alpha-adrenergic agents (oral Decongestants)
- Beta-adrenergic agents
VI. Causes: Miscellaneous
- Narcotic Analgesics
- Alcohol
- NSAIDs
- Vincristine
- Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
- Antispasmodic Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary medications
- Dicyclomine
- Glycopyrrolate
- Oxybutynin
- Scopolamine
- Antihistamines